Characteristics of included studies
| Study reference | Scientific discipline | Country of study | Subjects of ethical assessment | Methodological approach | Ethical challenges |
| Abimanyi-Ochom (2017) | Heath Sciences | Uganda | PhD (non-local/local), RAsRAs (gate keepers…) (local), Data Collectors | Field Journal/Field Notes | Political repression/persecution, Threat to physical well-being/safety |
| Alderman et al (2013) | Development Studies | Various | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Role conflict/Positionality |
| Augustin (2018)45 | Political Science | Yemen | PhD (non-local/local) | Autoethnographic | Threat to physical well-being/safety, Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt |
| Azungha (2019) | Business/Management Studies | Ghana | PhD (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Threat to physical well-being/safety, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Poor employment/work conditions |
| Baaz (2019) | Political Sciences | DRC | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Sexual harassment/gender discrimination, Threat to physical well-being/safety, Role conflicts |
| Bachmann (2011)18 | Geography/Agricultural Science/Environmental Science | Kenya | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Role conflicts, Threat to physical well-being/safety, Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt |
| Bailey (1988) | Sociology | Global | Not explicitly specified | Theoretical | Unequal power dynamics, Limits of IRBs/moral relativism |
| Baird (2009) | Political Science | Colombia | PhD (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Threat to physical well-being/safety |
| Baird102 (2018) | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | Colombia | PhD (non-local) | Autoethnographic, Field Journal/Field Notes | Threat to physical well-being/safety, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Poor employment/work conditions, Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt |
| Bell (2013) | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | Cuba | PI (non-local) | Unequal power dynamics, Poor employment/work conditions | |
| Belousov et al (2007)68 | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | Russia | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Threat to physical well-being/safety, Political repression/persecution |
| Belur (2014)17 | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | India | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Threat to physical well-being/safety, Role conflicts, Sexual harassment/gender discrimination |
| Berghs (2010)43 | Heath Sciences | Sierra Leone | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt |
| Bonsu et al (2017) | Heath Sciences | Botswana | PI (non-local), RAs (non-local), RAs (gate keepers…) (local) | Autoethnographic | Poor employment/work conditions |
| Bradfield (2012) | Heath Sciences | Global | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Role conflicts, Unequal power dynamics |
| Brewis (2014) | Business/Management Studies | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt | |
| Broad and Reyes (2008) | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | Colombia | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt, Threat to physical well-being/safety |
| Browne and Moffett (2014)42 | Political Sciences | Uganda, Palestine | PhD (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Threat to physical well-being/safety, Role conflicts |
| Burke et al (2019) | Health Sciences | Senegal | RAs (gate keepers…) (local) | Autoethnographic | Threat to emotional well-being/mental health |
| Calgaro (2015)46 | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | Thailand | PhD (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt |
| Campbell (2017) | Political Science | Various | PI (non-local) | Normative/Theoretical | Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Threat to physical well-being/safety, Role conflicts, Limits of IRBs/moral relativism, Political repression/persecution, Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt |
| Canavati et al (2017)26 | Heath Sciences | Cambodia | Data Collectors | Field Journal/Field Notes | Threat to physical well-being/safety, Poor employment/work conditions, Role conflicts |
| Caretta (2015) | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | Kenya, Tanzania | PI (non-local) | Field Journal/Field Notes | Unequal power dynamics, Sexual harassment/gender discrimination, Role conflicts |
| Casale et al (2011)12 | Health Sciences | South Africa | Not explicitly specified | Field Journal/Field Notes | Role conflicts |
| Castillo (2015)67 | Anthropology/Ethnology | Philippines | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Threat to physical well-being/safety, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health |
| Chaitin (2003)70 | Heath Sciences | Israel, Palestine | Not explicitly specified | Autoethnographic | Threat to physical well-being/safety |
| Chiumento et al (2018) | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | South Asia | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Poor employment/work conditions, Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt |
| Coles et al (2014)44 | Other Social Science/Interdisciplinary | South Africa, South America | PI (non-local) | Qualitative Interview | Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Threat to physical well-being/safety, Role conflicts |
| Crabtree (2019) | Development Studies | Papua New Guinea | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Role conflicts |
| Cronin-Furman and Lake (2018)15 | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | Various | PI (non-local), RAs (gate keepers…) (local), Data Collectors | Autoethnographic | Threat to physical well-being/safety, Poor employment/work conditions, Unequal power dynamics |
| Davison et al (2013) | Heath Sciences | Jamaica | RAs (gate keepers…) (local) | Field Journal/Field Notes | Role conflicts, Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt |
| Dayal et al (2018) | Heath Sciences | India | Not explicitly specified | Literature Review | Threat to physical well-being/safety, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health |
| Derry and Baum (1994)58 | Psychology | Various | RAs (non-local) | Other | Role conflicts, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Sexual harassment/gender discrimination |
| Dixit (2012) | Political Sciences | Various | PhD (local) | Autoethnographic | Role conflicts |
| Dodsworth (2019)72 | Political Science | various | Not explicitly specified | Unequal power dynamics | |
| Doherty et al (2018) | Health Sciences | Global | PI (non-local) | Theoretical | Unequal power dynamics, Role conflicts |
| Dominey-Howes (2015)47 | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | Various | PI (non-local), PhD (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Role conflicts, Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt, Unequal power dynamics |
| D'Souza et al (2018) | Heath Sciences | Jamaica | PI (non-local), PI (local) | Autoethnographic | Role conflicts |
| Einarsdóttir (2006) | Anthropology/Ethnology | Guinea Bissau | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Role conflicts |
| Ellsberg and Potts (2018) | Health Sciences | Global | RAs (gate keepers…) (local) | Review of guidelines | Threat to physical well-being/safety, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health |
| Fidalgo et al (2017) | Heath Sciences | Brazil | Data Collectors | Autoethnographic | Poor employment/work conditions |
| Francis and Hemson (2009) | Heath Sciences | South Africa | Data Collectors | Focus group | Role conflicts, Poor employment/work conditions, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health |
| Fuchs et al (2019) | Business/Management Studies | China | PhD (non-local) | Qualitative and quantitative document/law review | Threat to physical well-being/safety, Political repression/persecution |
| George (2015) | Political Science | India | PhD (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Role conflicts |
| Gerharz (2017)34 | Sociology | Sri Lanka | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Role conflicts, Threat to physical well-being/safety, Poor employment/work conditions |
| Gheondea-Eladi (2017)40 | Health Sciences | Romania | PI (local) | Autoethnographic | Limits of IRBs/moral relativism, Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt, Poor employment/work conditions, Role conflicts |
| Gilmore (2019) | Health Sciences | Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya | Not explicitly specified | Autoethnographic | Unequal power dynamics, Sexual harassment/gender discrimination |
| Girei (2017) | Business/Management Studies | Uganda | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Role conflicts, Unequal power dynamics |
| Glasius et al (2018) | Political Science | Various | PI (non-local), PI (local), PhD (non-local), PhD (local) | Autoethnographic | Political repression/persecution, Threat to physical well-being/safety, Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health |
| Glennerster and Powers (2013) | Development Studies | Global | Not explicitly specified | Theoretical | Role conflicts, Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt |
| Gokah (2006)57 | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | Ghana, Uganda, Ethiopia, South Africa | PhD (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Threat to physical well-being/safety, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Role conflicts |
| Goodhand (2000) | Political Science | Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Liberia | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Threat to physical well-being/safety, Role conflicts |
| Gosh (2018) | Geography/Agricultural Science/Environmental Science | India | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Threat to physical well-being/safety |
| Gouda et al (2016)63 | Heath Sciences | Papua New Guinea | Data Collectors | Qualitative Interview, Focus group | Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Role conflicts, Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt |
| Groes-Green (2012)51 | Anthropology/Ethnology | Mozambique | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Sexual harassment/gender discrimination, Role conflicts, Unequal power dynamics, Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt |
| Grünenfelder (2014)85 | Sociology | Pakistan | Data Collectors | Qualitative Interview | Sexual harassment/gender discrimination, Threat to physical well-being/safety |
| Gupta and Kelly (2014) | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | Various | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt |
| Gurol and Wetterich (2019) | Political Science | China | PhD (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Threat to physical well-being/safety, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health |
| Hamid (2010)19 | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | Bangladesh | PhD (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Limits of IRBs/moral relativism, Role conflicts, Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health |
| Hoffman and Tarawalley (2014) | Anthropology/Ethnology | Liberia, Sierra Leone | PI (non-local), PI (local) | Field Journal/Field Notes | Threat to physical well-being/safety, Unequal power dynamics |
| Hu (2015)65 | Political Sciences | China | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Threat to physical well-being/safety, Political repression/persecution, Role conflicts |
| Huggins and Glebbeek (2009) | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | Brazil, Guatemala | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Unequal power dynamics, Sexual harassment/gender discrimination, Threat to physical well-being/safety, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt |
| Jacobsen and Landau (2003) | Political Science | South Africa | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt, Role conflicts, Threat to physical well-being/safety |
| Jao et al (2015) | Heath Sciences | Kenya | PI (non-local), PI (local), PhD (non-local), PhD (local), Data Collectors, RAs (gate keepers…) (local) | Qualitative Interview | Role conflicts, Unequal power dynamics |
| Jayawickrama (2013)87 | Development Studies | Sri Lanka, Malawi, Sudan, Pakistan | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Poor employment/work conditions, Role conflicts, Unequal power dynamics, Threat to physical well-being/safety, Limits of IRBs/moral relativism |
| Jessee (2017a) | Sociology | Rwanda | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Unequal power dynamics |
| Jessee (2017b) | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | Rwanda | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Unequal power dynamics |
| Jewkes et al (2000) | Heath Sciences | South Africa, Zimbabwe | PI (non-local), Data Collectors | Autoethnographic | Threat to physical well-being/safety, Sexual harassment/gender discrimination, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Role Conflicts |
| Johnson et al (2014) | Psychology | Global | Not explicitly specified | Literature review | Threat to physical well-being/safety |
| Jones et al (2013) | Heath Sciences | Uganda | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Role conflicts |
| Jones et al (2015) | Geography/Agricultural Science/Environmental Science | Various | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Poor employment/work conditions, Political repression/persecution |
| Kamuya et al (2013) | Heath Sciences | Kenya | RAs (gate keepers…) (local) | Qualitative Interview | Poor employment/work conditions, Role conflicts, Sexual harassment/gender discrimination |
| Kamuya et al (2014)24 | Heath Sciences | Kenya | Data Collectors, PI (non-local) | Qualitative Interview | Role conflicts, Poor employment/work conditions |
| Kamuya et al (2017)74 | Health Sciences | Kenya | Data Collectors | Autoethnographic | Sexual harassment/gender discrimination, Poor employment/work conditions, Role conflicts |
| Kelley et al (2016) | Heath Sciences | South Africa, Uganda, Kenya, Cambodia, Thailand | PI (non-local) | Qualitative Interview | Role conflicts |
| Khalid (2014) | Development Studies | Pakistan | PhD (local) | Autoethnographic | Poor employment/work conditions, Sexual harassment/gender discrimination, Role conflicts, Limits of IRBs/moral relativism, Threat to physical well-being/safety |
| Kingori (2013)23 | Heath Sciences | Kenya | Data Collectors | Autoethnographic | Poor employment/work conditions, Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health |
| Kingori and Gerrets (2016) | Heath Sciences | Various | PI (non-local), RAs (gate keepers…) (local) | Qualitative Interview | Role conflicts, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Poor employment/work conditions |
| Klocker (2015)56 | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | Tanzania | Data Collectors, PhD (non-local/local), RAs (gate keepers…) (local) | Qualitative Interview | Threat to emotional well-being/mental health |
| Kovats-Bernat (2002)101 | Anthropology/Ethnology | Haiti | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Threat to physical well-being/safety |
| Kunnath (2013)53 | Anthropology/Ethnology | India | PI (local) | Autoethnographic | Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt, Political repression/persecution, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Threat to physical well-being/safety |
| Lages et al (2015) | Business/Management Studies | Global | PI (non-local) | Other | Poor employment/work conditions |
| Lake and Parkinson (2017) | Political Science | Various | PhD (non-local) | Theoretical | Threat to physical well-being/safety |
| Lansford et al (2019)90 | Psychology | Global | Not explicitly specified | Autoethnographic | Unequal power dynamics |
| Lawhon et al (2014) | Geography/Agricultural Science/Environmental Science | South Africa | PhD (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Limits of IRBs/moral relativism, Threat to physical well-being/safety |
| Leach (2006) | Health Sciences | Various | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Sexual harassment/gender discrimination |
| Leach and Horne (2018) | Psychology | Russia, Rwanda | PI (non-local) | Focus group | Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt, Role conflicts, Unequal power dynamics, Limits of IRBs/moral relativism |
| Lombe et al (2012)103 | Social Work | Ghana | Not explicitly specified | Autoethnographic | Unequal power dynamics |
| Lund (2012) | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | Sri Lanka | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Threat to physical well-being/safety, Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt, Role conflicts |
| Madiega (2013)25 | Heath Sciences | Kenya | Data Collectors | Qualitative Interview | Role conflicts, Poor employment/work conditions, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health |
| Maier and Monahan (2009)48 | Psychology | Global | PI (non-local), PhD (non-local), RAs (non-local) | Qualitative Interview | Role conflicts, Threat to physical well-being/safety, Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health |
| Makhoul et al (2014)98 | Sociology | Lebanon | PI (non-local) | Qualitative Interview | Unequal power dynamics, Limits of IRBs/moral relativism |
| Mann (2019) | Political Science | Colombia | PhD (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Threat to physical well-being/safety, Sexual harassment/gender discrimination, Role conflicts |
| Mannell and Guta (2018) | Heath Sciences | Rwanda | RAs (gate keepers…) (local), PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Role conflicts |
| Marchais (2020) | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | DRC | PI (non-local), RAs (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Unequal power dynamics, Poor employment/work conditions, Threat to physical well-being/safety |
| Marchais et al (2020) | Political Science | DRC | Not explicitly specified | Autoethnographic | Unequal power dynamics, Role conflicts, Poor employment/work conditions, Threat to physical well-being/safety, Sexual harassment/gender discrimination |
| Minkler (2004) | Heath Sciences | Global | Not explicitly specified | Theoretical | Unequal power dynamics, Poor employment/work conditions, Role conflicts |
| Molony and Hammett (2007)75 | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | South Africa, Tanzania | PI (non-local), RAs (gate keepers…) (local) | Autoethnographic | Poor employment/work conditions, Unequal power dynamics, Threat to physical well-being/safety, Role conflicts, Sexual harassment/gender discrimination |
| Molyneux et al (2009) | Development Studies | Kenya, South Africa | Data Collectors | Autoethnographic | Role conflicts |
| Molyneux et al (2016) | Health Sciences | Kenya | PI (non-local) | Qualitative Interview, Field Journal | Role conflicts |
| Moncrieffe (2009) | Development Studies | Jamaica | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Threat to physical well-being/safety |
| Morrell et al (2012) | Sociology | South Africa | PI (non-local), PhD (non-local), RAs (gate keepers…) (local) | Autoethnographic | Role conflicts |
| Morris (2015) | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | various | Not explicitly specified | Quantitative Survey, Qualitative Interview, Literature Review | Threat to physical well-being/safety, Poor employment/work conditions |
| Mosavel54 et al (2011) | Heath Sciences | South Africa | RAs (gate keepers…) (local) | Field Journal | Poor employment/work conditions, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Threat to physical well-being/safety, Role conflicts |
| Moss et al (2019)59 | Psychology | Rwanda, Zanzibar, Sudan, Turkey | Not explicitly specified | Field Journal | Threat to physical well-being/safety, Political repression/persecution, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health |
| Motlafi (2018) | Political Sciences | South Africa, Rwanda | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Unequal power dynamics |
| Mukherji et al (2014) | Geography/Agricultural Science/Environmental Science | Haiti, India | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Role conflicts, Sexual harassment/gender discrimination |
| Mutaru (2018) | Anthropology/Ethnology | Ghana | PhD (local) | Autoethnographic | Role conflicts, Limits of IRBs/moral relativism, Unequal power dynamics |
| Muzaila et al (2019) | Political Science | Republic of the Congo | Not explicitly specified | Autoethnographic | Poor employment/work conditions, Unequal power dynamics, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health |
| Mwambari (2019a)80 | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | Uganda | Not explicitly specified | Autoethnographic | Unequal power dynamics, Threat to physical well-being/safety, Sexual harassment/gender discrimination, Poor employment/work conditions, Role conflicts, Political repression/persecution |
| Mwambari (2019b)95 | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | Various | PI (non-local), PI (local) | Autoethnographic | Unequal power dynamics, Threat to physical well-being/safety |
| Mwambari and Owor (2019) | Development Studies | Uganda, DRC | PI (non-local), PI (local) | Autoethnographic | Unequal power dynamics, Poor employment/work conditions |
| Nama and Swartz (2002)21 | Psychology | South Africa | RAs (gate keepers…) (local) | Autoethnographic | Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Role conflicts |
| Neto (2019)71 | Anthropology/Ethnology | Angola, Zambia | RAs (gate keepers…) (local) | Autoethnographic | Political repression/persecution, Threat to physical well-being/safety, Role conflicts, Poor employment/work conditions |
| Nyenyezi et al. (2020) Editors | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | DRC | Data Collectors | Autoethnographic | Poor employment/work conditions, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Unequal power dynamics, Role conflicts, Sexual harassment/gender discrimination, Political repression/persecution, Threat to physical well-being/safety |
| O’Mathúna (2009) | Health Sciences | Various | Not explicitly specified | Theoretical | Threat to physical well-being/safety, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Political repression/persecution |
| Orr (2019) | Political Science | Various | Not explicitly specified | Focus group | Sexual harassment/gender discrimination, Political repression/persecution, Threat to physical well-being/safety, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health |
| Parkes (2010) | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | South Africa | Not explicitly specified | Autoethnographic | Role conflicts |
| Parkinson (2019) | Political Sciences | Iraq, Jordan | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Political repression/persecution, Role conflicts, Poor employment/work conditions |
| Patel et al (2017) | Heath Sciences | India | Enumerators | Content analysis | Role conflicts, Poor employment/work conditions |
| Pelcastre-Villafuerte et al (2015)64 | Heath Sciences | Mexico | PI (non-local), PhD (non-local/local), Data Collectors, RAs (gate keepers…) (local) | Autoethnographic | Threat to physical well-being/safety, Poor employment/work conditions, Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt |
| Peter and Strazzari (2017) | Development Studies | Mali, Senegal | Not explicitly specified | Autoethnographic | Threat to physical well-being/safety, Limits of IRBs/m oral relativism |
| Pio and Singh (2016) | Development Studies | Various | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Threat to physical well-being/safety, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health |
| Porter et al (2010) | Psychology | Ghana, Malawi, South Africa | RAs (gate keepers…) (local) | Autoethnographic | Poor employment/work conditions, Unequal power dynamics, Threat to physical well-being/safety, Sexual harassment/gender discrimination |
| Pyles (2015) | Social Work | Haiti | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Unequal power dynamics, Sexual harassment/gender discrimination, Role conflicts |
| Raffety (2015)31 | Anthropology/Ethnology | China | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Role conflicts |
| Råheim et al (2016) | Heath Sciences | Global | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Unequal power dynamics, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt |
| Rahmani et al (2015)20 | Heath Sciences | Iran | PhD (local) | Autoethnographic | Role conflicts |
| Ralefala et al (2018) | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | Botswana | PI (local) | Quantitative Survey | Limits of IRBs/moral relativism |
| Reddy et al (2019) | Development Studies | South Sudan | PI (non-local), RAs (gate keepers…) (local) | Autoethnographic, Qualitative Interview | Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Role conflicts |
| Reed (2002) | Political Science | Liberia, Thailand, Burma | Not explicitly specified | Autoethnographic | Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Limits of IRBs/moral relativism, Threat to physical well-being/safety |
| Ridde et al (2019) | Heath Sciences | Global | PI (non-local) | Other | Unequal power dynamics, Sexual harassment/gender discrimination |
| Roberts et al (2019)39 | Heath Sciences | South Africa | Data Collectors | Qualitative Interview | Threat to physical well-being/safety, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Poor employment/work conditions, Role conflicts |
| Rogers-Brown (2015)78 | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | Mexico | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic, Literature Review | Sexual harassment/gender discrimination, Political repression/persecution, Role conflicts, Poor employment/work conditions, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Threat to physical well-being/safety |
| Roll and Swenson (2019)79 | Political Sciences | Afghanistan, East Timor | Not explicitly specified | Autoethnographic | Threat to physical well-being/safety, Role conflicts, Sexual harassment/gender discrimination, Political repression/persecution, Role conflicts |
| Rossi (2004) | Development Studies | West-African Sahel State | Not explicitly specified | Autoethnographic | Unequal power dynamics |
| Rossouw and Niemczyk (2013)84 | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | South Africa | RAs (gate keepers…) (local) | Field Journal | Poor employment/work conditions, Unequal power dynamics, Role conflicts |
| Rothmann et al (2018) | Heath Sciences | Various | PI (non-local), RAs (non-local), Data Collectors | Qualitative Interview, Focus group | Role conflicts, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health |
| Roxburgh (2018) | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | Ghana, Cameroon | PhD (non-local), Data Collectors | Autoethnographic | Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Limits of IRBs/moral relativism, Sexual harassment/gender discrimination |
| Salaam and Brown (2013)62 | Psychology | Various | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Threat to physical well-being/safety |
| Schwedler (2006)81 | Political Sciences | Jordan, Yemen | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Political repression/persecution, Unequal power dynamics, Sexual harassment/gender discrimination |
| Sharma (2019)93 | Geography/Agricultural Science/Environmental Science | India | PhD (non-local) | Field Journal | Role conflicts, Unequal power dynamics |
| Shesterinina (2019)77 | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | Georgia | PI (non-local) | Qualitative Interview | Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Role conflicts, Threat to physical well-being/safety, Political repression/persecution |
| Sheyvens and Lesli (2000) | Development Studies | Various | PI (non-local) | Literature Review | Unequal power dynamics |
| Shirmohammadi et al (2018) | Psychology | Iran | PI (local), PhD (local) | Qualitative Interview | Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Poor employment/work conditions, Limits of IRBs/moral relativism |
| Shordike et al (2017)36 | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | Thailand | PI (non-local) | Focus Group | Poor employment/work conditions, Unequal power dynamics |
| Sibai et al (2019)89 | Heath Sciences | Syria | Not explicitly specified | Autoethnographic | Unequal power dynamics |
| Silkin and Hendrie (1997) | Political Science | Ethiopia, Eritrea | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Threat to physical well-being/safety |
| Simic (2016) | Sociology | Bosnia Herzegovina | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Role conflicts, Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt, Political repression/persecution |
| Simon and Mosavel (2010)60 | Heath Sciences | South Africa | RAs (gate keepers…) (local) | Autoethnographic | Poor employment/work conditions, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health |
| Sinha (2017) | Heath Sciences | India | PhD (non-local) | Field Journal | Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Threat to physical well-being/safety, Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt, Sexual harassment/gender discrimination, Poor employment/work conditions |
| Smeltzer (2012) | Sociology | Malaysia | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt, Political repression/persecution |
| Smith et al (2014)94 | Heath Sciences | Global | PI (non-local), PI (local) | Unequal power dynamics | |
| Sowatey and Tankebe (2018) | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | Ghana | PI (non-local), PI (local) | Field Journal | Threat to physical well-being/safety |
| Stodulka (2015)29 | Heath Sciences | Indonesia | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Role conflicts, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health |
| Suen (2015) | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | China | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt |
| Sukarieh and Tannock (2019) | Anthropoligy/Ethnology | Syria | RAs (gate keepers…) | Qualitative Interview | Poor employment/work conditions, Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt |
| Sultana (2007)83 | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | Bangladesh | Not explicitly specified | Autoethnographic, Qualitative Interview | Role conflicts, Sexual harassment/gender discrimination, Unequal power dynamics, Poor employment/work conditions |
| Sumner and Tribe (2008)97 | Development Studies | Global | Not explicitly specified | Theoretical | Unequal power dynamics. Limits of IRBs/moral relativism, Role conflicts. Threat to physical well-being/safety |
| Theron (2016) | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | South Africa | PI (local) | Autoethnographic | Role conflicts |
| Thomson et al (2013) | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | Burundi, Rwanda, DRC, Uganda | Not explicitly specified | Autoethnographic | Political repression/persecution, Role conflicts. Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Limits of IRBs/moral relativism, Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt |
| Tsai (2018)28 | Social Work | Philippines | Data Collectors | Field Journal | Role conflicts, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health |
| Turcotte-Tremblay and Mc Sween-Cadieux (2018) | Heath Sciences | Various | PhD (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Political repression/persecution |
| Turner (2010) | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | China, Vietnam | PI (non-local), RAs (gate keepers…) (local) | Qualitative Interview | Unequal power dynamics, Role conflicts, Poor employment/work conditions, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health |
| Turner (2013)22 | Geography/Agricultural Science/Environmental Science | China, Vietnam | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Role conflicts, Political repression/persecution, Poor employment/work conditions, Unequal power dynamics, Sexual harassment/gender discrimination, Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt |
| Tyagi et al (2018) | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | India | PI (local) | Field Journal | Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Role conflicts |
| van den Boogaard (2019) | Development Studies | Ghana, Sierra Leone | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Unequal power dynamics, Sexual harassment/gender discrimination |
| van Dijk (2015)50 | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | South Africa | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt, Role conflicts, Threat to physical well-being/safety, Unequal power dynamics, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health |
| Vogler (2007) | Other Social Sciences/Interdisciplinary | Thailand | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Political repression/persecution |
| Vuong et al (2017) | Heath Sciences | Vietnam | PhD (local) | Quantitative Survey | Political repression/persecution |
| Wackenhut (2017) | Sociology | Egypt | PhD (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Threat to physical well-being/safety |
| Wagman et al (2016)41 | Psychology | Uganda | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Role conflicts |
| Walsh et al (2016)91 | Heath Sciences | Zambia | PI (non-local), PI (local), RAs (gate keepers…) (local), RAs (non-local) | Qualitative Interview | Unequal power dynamics |
| Wamai (2014) | Political Sciences | Kenya | RAs (gate keepers…) (local), PhD (local) | Autoethnographic | Sexual harassment/gender discrimination, Threat to physical well-being/safety, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health |
| Williams (2016)99 | Development Studies | Global | PI (non-local) | Quantitative Survey, Qualitative Interview, Autoethnographic, Document Review, Literature Review | Limits of IRBs/moral relativism |
| Wilson et al (2018) | Health Sciences | Ghana | Not explicitly specified | Autoethnographic | Poor employment/work conditions, Role conflicts |
| Wood (2006)52 | Sociology | El Salvador | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Threat to physical well-being/safety, Role conflicts, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt |
| Wood (2011)55 | Political Sciences | Global | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Threat to physical well-being/safety, Role conflicts, Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt |
| Woon (2013)69 | Political Sciences | Philippines | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Threat to physical well-being/safety, Role conflicts, Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt |
| Yusupova (2019) | Political | Russia | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Role conflicts, Political repression/persecution |
| Zulu et al (2018) | Heath Sciences | Global | Not explicitly specified | Autoethnographic | Role conflicts |
| Zwi et al (2006) | Heath Sciences | Global | PI (non-local) | Autoethnographic | Doubts about purpose/legitimacy of research/guilt, Threat to emotional well-being/mental health, Role conflicts |
IRBs, institutional review boards; PI, principal investigator; RA, research assistant.