Table 1

Overview of VMMC demand-creation models

	Standard demand creation	Standard demand creation + HIVST	HCD-informed approach	HCD-informed approach+HIVST
Type of cadre used for demand creation	Trained IPCs Basic training on promoting VMMC as an additional HIV prevention intervention, identifying barriers, clarifying myths and misconceptions and summarising key benefits.	Trained IPCs Basic training on promoting VMMC as an additional HIV prevention intervention, identifying barriers, clarifying myths and misconceptions and summarising key benefits.	Trained IPCs Basic training on promoting VMMC as an additional HIV prevention intervention, identifying barriers, clarifying myths and misconceptions and summarising key benefits.	Trained IPCs Basic training on promoting VMMC as an additional HIV prevention intervention, identifying barriers, clarifying myths and misconceptions and summarising key benefits.
Mobilisation design	Standard mobilisation either as individuals or groups. Willing men booked, proceeded to VMMC sites individually or scheduled to meet at pick-up point and transported to nearest VMMC site.	Standard mobilisation either as individuals or groups. Willing men booked, proceeded to VMMC sites individually or scheduled to meet at pick-up point and transported to nearest VMMC site.	Standard mobilisation either as individuals or groups. Willing men booked, proceeded to VMMC sites individually or scheduled to meet at pick-up point and transported to nearest VMMC site.	Standard mobilisation either as individuals or groups. Willing men booked, proceeded to VMMC sites individually or scheduled to meet at pick-up point and transported to nearest VMMC site.
Additional services offered to potential VMMC clients	None.	IPC agents trained to offer demonstrate and assist men with use of HIVST kits if required. IPC agents recorded whether VMMC referees opted to take kit or not.	IPC agents received basic training in the HCD-informed approach, including using the segmentation typing tool, to prioritise three key segments—enthusiasts, neophytes and embarrassed rejecters. Delivery of messages tailored to each ‘segment’. IPC agents specifically required to address any pain-related concerns using a visual aid (pain-o-metre) to outline the VMMC procedure, healing process as well as possible pain management techniques. Training on appropriate targeted messaging and use of relevant tools.	IPC agents received basic training in the HCD-informed approach, including using the segmentation typing tool, to prioritise three key segments - enthusiasts, neophytes and embarrassed rejecters. Delivery of messages tailored to each ‘segment’. IPC agents specifically required to address any pain-related concerns using a visual aid (pain-o-metre) to outline the VMMC procedure, healing process, as well as possible pain management techniques. Training on appropriate targeted messaging and use of relevant tools. IPC agents trained to offer demonstrate and assist men with use of HIVST kits if required. IPC agents recorded whether VMMC referees opted to take kit or not.

HCD, human-centred design; HIVST, HIV self-testing; IPC, interpersonal communication agent; VMMC, voluntary medical male circumcision.