Table 3

Effect of CBD incentive on linkage to additional care and uptake of self-testing

	Conditional incentive		No incentive		Prevalence ratio	Prevalence difference	P value	k	N
	n/N	%	n/N	%	95% CI	95% CI	P value	k	N
Primary outcome
Linkage to any services	1062/3698	28.7	1075/3448	31.2	0.94 (0.86 to 1.03)	−0.017 (−0.042 to 0.007)	0.17	0.05	7146
Secondary outcomes and post-hoc analyses
Uptake of self-testing	1770/3698	47.9	1823/3448	52.9	0.91 (0.80 to 1.02)	−0.048 (−0.109 to 0.012)	0.116	0.05	7146
Uptake of PSI outreach services	94/1770	5.3	106/1823	5.8	0.92 (0.68 to 1.24)	−0.005 (−0.021 to 0.012)	0.57	0.38	3593
Uptake of VMMC among men	19/854	2.2	12/853	1.4	1.76 (0.77 to 4.03)	0.01 (−0.005 to 0.024)	0.186	0.74	1707
Uptake of confirmatory testing for reactive self-tests	88/157	56.1	72/132	54.5	1.02 (0.82 to 1.28)	0.011 (−0.100 to 0.122)	0.845	*	289
Post-hoc analysis: uptake of confirmatory testing for reactive self-tests if not already on ART and or in HIV care	25/33	75.8	20/40	50	1.59 (1.05 to 2.39)	0.256 (0.042 to 0.470)	0.019	–	73
Initiation of ART among all participants who reported a reactive self-test result	15/157	9.6	12/132	9.1	1.03 (0.50 to 2.15)	0.003 (−0.064 to 0.070)	0.932	1.36	289
Post-hoc analysis: uptake of ART among HIV-positive participants not previously in HIV care (ie, excluding those participants already on ART)	15/33	45.5	12/40	30	1.52 (0.48 to 4.81)	0.151 (−0.168 to 0.470)	0.354	–	73

Adjusted models include adjustment for educational attainment (none/primary, some secondary, O-levels complete, A-levels and above), household food insecurity (moderate/severe food insecurity, no/mild food insecurity) and high SSQ (Shona Symptom Questionnaire) score (nine or higher).
ART, antiretroviral therapy; CBD, community-based distributors; PSI, Population Services International; VMMC, voluntary medical male circumcision .