Table 1

Summary of opportunities for integrating the Immunisation Caregiver Journey Interviews (ICJI) into existing data collection efforts in immunisation programmes

Why integrate?	What are the key strengths?	What are the potential challenges?	What are some key considerations for success?
Review of the Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI Reviews): comprehensive assessments of national and subnational immunisation programmes34
ICJI may inform issues and barriers related to service delivery and vaccination uptake from the caregiver perspective	Ability to get information systematically every 3–5 years across multiple countries Strong participation from diverse stakeholders across the immunisation programme	Lack of skilled interviewers and qualitative analysts as part of the EPI Review teams Difficult to turn around the data quickly to identify preliminary findings within the EPI Review timeframe (usually within 1–2 weeks)	Link and partner with local academic institutions Create a pool of subregional experts to provide support Initiate the ICJI approach a month ahead of the EPI Review Focus on descriptive narratives to identify key themes rapidly Long-term local capacity building for qualitative expertise
Tailoring Immunisation Programmes (TIP): conducted in multiple phases among low-uptake groups to identify vaccination barriers and develop targeted solutions to increase uptake48
ICJI can be used in the phases pertaining to identifying barriers and facilitators related to childhood immunisation.	Time needed for TIP is favourable to accommodating ICJI in the initial phases that include situation analysis and additional research ICJI can provide information to subsequent phases of the TIP implementation	More concerted efforts required to integrate the results into the immunisation programme Given the fluidity of the local environment, the results may lose their relevance if too much time is taken to conduct the assessment and analyse the data TIP has mainly been implemented in European region countries thus far	Include key individuals and institutions involved in the immunisation programme into relevant aspects of the assessment to allow for the results to be used by the immunisation Link and partner with local academic institutions to identify key researchers/staff that can be involved in this assessment The TIP framework needs adaptation for use outside of European countries
New Vaccine Post-Introduction Evaluation (PIE): an evaluation method for assessing the impact of introducing a new vaccine or vaccine dose in the immunisation schedule36
ICJI can be integrated in PIE data collection efforts with caregivers to understand their experiences with a new vaccine or vaccine dose	Use of mixed methods Strong participation from diverse stakeholders	More concerted efforts required to effectively incorporate qualitative inquiry into standardised PIE Short turnaround time for data collection and analysis	Questions would need to be adapted for a specific new vaccine Focus the analysis on descriptive narratives to identify key themes rapidly
Reaching Every District (RED): aims to strengthen immunisation systems by improving planning, managing available resources, service delivery and routine monitoring37
ICJI can be embedded into the participatory social mapping in RED to identify barriers through the caregiver experiences	ICJI can help to understand context-specific and population-specific issues affecting low vaccination uptake	Concerted efforts likely required to effectively incorporate qualitative inquiry into RED social mapping activity	ICJI guide will potentially require substantial adaptations for the specific vulnerable/undervaccinated subpopulations Focus on using descriptive narratives to identify key themes rapidly that can be used to complete RED tools on mapping barriers in the specific community