Lipid levels and prevalence of dyslipidaemia in each study
| Men | Women | |||||||||
| Malawi (rural) | Malawi (urban) | Uganda | EXTEND | EFS | Malawi (rural) | Malawi (urban) | Uganda | EXTEND | EFS | |
| n | 4534 | 3988 | 2179 | 2646 | 952 | 5893 | 7190 | 2429 | 4183 | 507 |
| Total cholesterol*(mmol/L) | 3.6 | 3.8 | 3.3 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 5.4 | 4.6 |
| (3.6 to 3.7) | (3.7 to 3.8) | (3.2 to 3.3) | (5.1 to 5.2) | (5.0 to 5.1) | (3.9 to 3.9) | (3.8 to 3.9) | (3.7 to 3.7) | (5.4 to 5.4) | (4.5 to 4.7) | |
| High total cholesterol† | 1.7 | 2.2 | 1.1 | 16.5 | 13.3 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 24.6 | 3.0 |
| (1.4 to 2.1) | (1.8 to 2.7) | (0.7 to 1.6) | (15.1 to 18.0) | (11.2 to 15.7) | (2.4 to 3.3) | (1.9 to 2.6) | (1.9 to 3.1) | (23.3 to 25.8) | (1.7 to 4.8) | |
| LDL cholesterol* (mmol/L) | 2.3 | 2.4 | 1.7 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.1 | 3.0 | 2.4 |
| (2.3 to 2.3) | (2.4 to 2.5) | (1.7 to 1.8) | (3.0 to 3.1) | (2.9 to 3.1) | (2.5 to 2.6) | (2.5 to 2.5) | (2.1 to 2.1) | (3.0 to 3.0) | (2.3 to 2.5) | |
| High LDL† | 11.9 | 17.4 | 4.2 | 43.1 | 38.4 | 20.7 | 19.1 | 10.5 | 41.0 | 13.8 |
| (11.0 to 12.9) | (16.2 to 18.6) | (3.4 to 5.2) | (41.2 to 45.0) | (35.3 to 41.6) | (19.6 to 21.7) | (18.2 to 20.0) | (9.3 to 11.8) | (39.6 to 42.5) | (10.9 to 17.1) | |
| HDL cholesterol* (mmol/L) | 1.05 | 1.10 | 0.90 | 1.43 | 1.32 | 1.10 | 1.15 | 0.99 | 1.81 | 1.67 |
| (1.04 to 1.06) | (1.09 to 1.12) | (0.89 to 0.91) | (1.41 to 1.45) | (1.29 to 1.34) | (1.09 to 1.11) | (1.15 to 1.26) | (0.98 to 1.00) | (1.79 to 1.83) | (1.62 to 1.71) | |
| Low HDL† | 46.6 | 41.0 | 59.8 | 9.9 | 16.5 | 71.6 | 69.4 | 76.7 | 9.9 | 15.0 |
| (45.2 to 48.1) | (39.5 to 42.6) | (57.7 to 61.8) | (8.8 to 11.1) | (14.2 to 19.0) | (70.5 to 72.8) | (68.3 to 70.5) | (75.0 to 78.4) | (9.1 to 10.8) | (12.0 to 18.4) | |
| Triglyceride* (mmol/L) | 0.88 | 0.91 | 1.07 | 1.14 | 1.27 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 1.06 | 0.96 | 0.82 |
| (0.87 to 0.89) | (0.90 to 0.93) | (1.04 to 1.09) | (1.12 to 1.16) | (1.23 to 1.31) | (0.72 to 0.74) | (0.72 to 0.74) | (1.04 to 1.08) | (0.94 to 0.97) | (0.79 to 0.86) | |
| High triglycerides† | 9.8 | 11.4 | 13.6 | 20.6 | 27.6 | 5.5 | 4.5 | 14.9 | 11.0 | 4.9 |
| (9.0 to 10.7) | (10.4 to 12.4) | (12.2 to 15.2) | (19.1 to 22.2) | (24.8 to 30.6) | (5.0 to 6.1) | (4.0 to 5.0) | (13.5 to 16.3) | (10.1 to 11.9) | (3.2 to 7.2) | |
| Non-HDL cholesterol* (mmol/L) | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 3.5 | 2.8 |
| (2.5 to 2.5) | (2.6 to 2.6) | (2.2 to 2.3) | (3.6 to 3.6) | (3.6 to 3.7) | (2.7 to 2.8) | (2.6 to 2.6) | (2.6 to 2.7) | (3.5 to 3.5) | (2.7 to 2.9) | |
| Total:HDL cholesterol ratio | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 3.0 | 2.7 |
| (3.4 to 3.5) | (3.4 to 3.4) | (3.5 to 3.6) | (3.5 to 3.6) | (3.8 to 3.9) | (3.5 to 3.6) | (3.3 to 3.3) | (3.6 to 3.7) | (3.0 to 3.0) | (2.7 to 2.8) | |
*Geometric mean (95% CI).
†High total cholesterol defined as ≥6.2 mmol/L, high LDL ≥3.3 mmol/L, low HDL <1.03 mmol/L for men and <1.29 mmol/L for women, and high triglycerides ≥1.7 mmol/L, and are reported as % (95% CI).
EFS, Exeter Family Study; EXTEND, Exeter 10,000 cohort; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.