Summary of included studies
Reference | Year | N | Country | Study type | Population | Steps reported | Factors statistically associated with completion in children/adolescents | Factors descriptively associated with completion in children/adolescents |
Studies conducted in low-income and middle-income countries | ||||||||
Alavi and Sefidgaran66 | 2008 | 5000 | Iran | Prospective cross-sectional | Child and adolescent students undergoing scheduled screening | 1,2 | – | (−) Patient/caregiver refusal (−) Children refused testing (−) Concurrent infectious diseases |
Albanese et al87 | 2015 | 228 | Brazil | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents exposed to individuals with infectious TB | 5–7 | – | – |
Baliashvili et al50 | 2018 | 739 | Georgia | Prospective cohort/contact investigation | Children* and adolescents exposed to individuals with infectious TB | 1 | (−) Age 5–14 years (vs 0–4 years) | – |
Bamrah et al107 | 2014 | 43 | Federated States of Micronesia | Prospective cohort/contact investigation | Children* and adolescents exposed to individuals with infectious MDR-TB | 7 | – | (−) Medication adverse effects (−) Concurrent infectious diseases |
Barss et al43 | 2020 | 225 (includes adults) | Ghana | Prospective cohort | Children* exposed to individuals with infectious TB | 1,5,6 | – | (+) Multimodal solutions targeting knowledge, stigma and cost associated with diagnosis and treatment |
Bedoya and Arbeláez Montoya52 | 2014 | 70 | Colombia | Prospective cross-sectional/contact investigation | Children* exposed to individuals with infectious TB | 1,7 | (−) Male sex (+) Insured | – |
Bonnet et al28 | 2017 | 339 | Uganda | Prospective cohort | Children* exposed to individuals with infectious TB | 1–7 | – | – |
Chakhaia et al161 | 2014 | 83 | Georgia | Retrospective cohort/contact investigation | Children* exposed to individuals with infectious TB | 7 | – | – |
Coprada et al74 | 2016 | 1227 | Philippines | Retrospective cross-sectional/contact investigation | Children* exposed to individuals with infectious TB | 1,6 | – | (−) Transferred care (−) Only presumptive cases referred for testing (−) Children in school (−) Caregivers too busy to bring children to DOTS facility (−) Transportation costs (−) Inconsistent supply of TST and medication (−) Problems with communication between clinic and caregivers (−) Limited time to conduct home visits for contacts that did not follow-up |
Diallo et al93 | 2018 | 829 | Australia, Benin, Brazil, Canada, Ghana, Guinea and Indonesia | RCT | Children* and adolescents receiving TB infection | 5–7 | (+) Treatment with 4R (vs 9H) | (−) Patient/caregiver refusal (−) Pregnancy |
Do Nascimento and Sant'Anna162 | 2016 | 158 | Brazil | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | – | – |
Dorjee et al102 | 2019 | 5234 | India | Prospective cohort | Child and adolescent students undergoing scheduled screening | 5–7 | – | (−) Concurrent infectious diseases (−) Medication adverse effects (−) Patient/caregiver refusal |
Gomes et al29 | 2011 | 2631 | Guinea-Bissau | Prospective cohort | Children* and adolescents exposed to individuals with infectious TB | 1,6,7 | (+) Age >5 years (vs age ≤5 ears) | (−) Moved out of catchment (−) Travelling (−) Forgot (−) Not receiving medication |
Hamdi et al112 | 2016 | 87 | Tunisia | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents exposed to individuals with infectious TB | 7 | (+) Near relationship with index case (+) Close contact with index case | – |
Hosten et al61 | 2018 | 210 | Jordan | Retrospective cohort/contact investigation | Child* and adolescent refugees children exposed to individuals with infectious TB | 1,2,6 | – | (−) Supply shortages |
Huang et al56 | 2018 | 4724 | China | Prospective cross-sectional/contact investigation | Adolescent students exposed to individuals with infectious TB | 1,5 | (−) Lower parental education (−) Concern about medication adverse effects (−) Negative opinion provided by outside clinician (−) Perceived discrimination/stigma | – |
Huerga et al49 | 2019 | 198 | Armenia | Prospective cohort/contact investigation | Children* and adolescents exposed to individuals with infectious MDR-TB | 1 | – | (−) Caregiver refusal (−) Moved out of catchment (−) Transferred care (−) Unable to reach family |
Ilievska-Poposka et al163 | 2018 | 61 | North Macedonia | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | – | – |
Khalid et al75 | 2020 | 3226 | Sudan | Prospective cross-sectional | Child and adolescent students undergoing scheduled screening | 1 | – | (−) Absenteeism (−) Chronic disease (−) Unwillingness to participate |
Li et al104 | 2018 | 560 | China | Qualitative/survey | Adolescent students exposed to individuals with infectious TB | 6 | (Associated with perceived ability to adhere) (+) Knowledge of TB transmission (+) Knowledge of TB treatment and policy | Associated with perceived ability to adhere (+) Concern about spreading TB to others (+) Contact with cases (+) Desire to follow physician’s advice (+) Desire to prevent active TB therapy/ability to adhere (−) Concerns about cost (−) Concerns about duration of therapy/stress of taking (−) Concerns about medication adverse effects (−) Perceived low risk |
Li et al136 | 2016 | 42 | China | Qualitative/survey | Children and adolescents with TB infection; caregivers; healthcare workers | 1 | – | (Associated with perceived ability to adhere) (−) Concerns about medication adverse effects (−) Lack of patient/caregiver knowledge about testing and treatment (−) Clinician concerns about cost (−) Clinician concerns about duration of therapy (−) Clinician concerns about therapy effectiveness (−) Workloads and lack of clinician incentives |
Machado et al164 | 2009 | 47 | Brazil | Prospective cohort | Children* and adolescents exposed to individuals with infectious TB | 7 | – | – |
Mendonca et al30 | 2016 | 286 | Brazil | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | (+) Place of residence Human Development Index score (−) Contact with adult TB contacts not receiving TB treatment | – |
Said et al33 | 2019 | 398 | Tanzania | Prospective cohort | Children* exposed to individuals with infectious TB | 1,5,6 | – | (−) Caregiver refusal |
Silva et al81 | 2016 | 1078 | Brazil | Prospective cohort/contact investigation | Children* and adolescents tested for TB | 2,3,5–7 | (+) Knowledge about BCG vaccination preventive effects (+) Knowledge about TB transmission (−) Higher cost of transportation to clinic (−) Lower income | (−) Patient/caregiver refusal |
Soussi et al165 | 2013 | 25 | Tunisia | Retrospective cohort/contact investigation | Children* exposed to individuals with infectious TB | 1,6 | – | – |
van Zyl et al34 | 2006 | 335 | South Africa | Retrospective cohort/contact investigation | Children* exposed to individuals with infectious TB | 6,7 | (+) Treatment with 3HR (vs 6H) (+) Treatment supervised by community supporter or clinic healthcare worker (vs by caregiver) | – |
Villarino et al35 | 2015 | 905 | USA, Brazil, Canada, China and Spain | RCT | Children* and adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | (+) Treatment with 3HP (vs 9H) | (−) Medication adverse effects (−) Patient/caregiver refusal (−) Physician decision to discontinue treatment |
Wang et al67 | 2017 | 1 330 041 | China | Retrospective cohort | Adolescent students undergoing scheduled screening | 1,5–7 | – | – |
Wong and Lee79 | 2020 | 439 | Malaysia | Prospective cross-sectional | Child* and adolescent students undergoing scheduled screening | 1–4 | – | – |
Wysocki et al47 | 2016 | 68 | Brazil | Retrospective cross-sectional/contact investigation | Children and adolescents exposed to individuals with infectious TB | 1,7 | – | – |
Studies conducted in high-income countries | ||||||||
Adams et al141 | 2014 | – | – | Systematic review of systematic reviews | Children* and adolescents initiating TPT | 7 | – | – |
Adler-Shohet et al36 | 2014 | 118 | USA | Retrospective cohort | Child students exposed to individuals with infectious MDR-TB | 1–7 | – | (−) Medication adverse effects (−) Patient/caregiver refusal |
Ahmad et al37 | 2020 | 224 | Denmark | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents seeking asylum | 1–7 | – | (−) Patient/caregiver refusal (−) Fear of blood draws |
Ahn et al38 | 2015 | 108 | South Korea | Prospective cohort/contact investigation | Neonates* exposed to an HCW with infectious TB | 1–7 | – | (−) Patient/caregiver refusal to continue therapy (−) Medical instability/elevated liver enzymes |
Al Mekaini et al72 | 2014 | 669 | United Arab Emirates | Prospective cross-sectional | Children* and adolescents receiving outpatient primary care | 1,2 | (+) Siblings participating in the study (−) Age<10 years (vs≥10 years) | (−) Patient/caregiver refusal- |
Aldeco et al44 | 2011 | 103 | Slovenia | Prospective cohort/contact investigation | Neonates* exposed to an HCW with infectious TB | 1,2 | – | – |
Anaraki et al55 | 2018 | 291 | UK | Prospective cohort/contact investigation | Adolescent students exposed to individuals with infectious TB | 1 | – | – |
Assefa et al106 | 2018 | – | – | Systematic review | Children* and adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | (+) Treatment with 3RH (vs 6H) (+) Treatment with 4RH (vs 9H) | – |
Bennet and Eriksson103 | 2017 | 349 | Sweden | Retrospective cohort | Child and adolescent immigrants | 4 | – | (−) Moved out of catchment (−) Patient/caregiver refusal (−) Deemed to be ‘psychologically unfit’ for treatment |
Bennet et al166 | 2014 | 546 | USA | Retrospective cohort | Adolescent refugees | 6,7 | – | – |
Berlioz et al46 | 2008 | 1813 | France | Prospective cohort/contact investigation | Children* receiving outpatient primary care | 1–6 | – | (−) Inability to contact by mail (−) Patient/caregiver refusal (−) Adverse medication effects |
Bibi et al65 | 2002 | 28 016 | Israel | Retrospective cohort | Adolescent immigrants | 1–5 | – | – |
Bieberly and Ali13 | 2008 | 47 | USA | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents receiving TB infection | 7 | – | (+) Age <12 years (vs older ages) |
Bishara et al88 | 2015 | 220 | Israel | Retrospective cohort | Child* and adolescent immigrants | 5–7 | (−) Age <5 years | – |
Blumberg et al167 | 2005 | 286 | USA | Prospective cohort | Adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | – | – |
Bock et al4 | 1999 | 446 | USA | Prospective cohort | Children* and adolescents undergoing TB screening | 2 | – | – |
Boyd et al101 | 2017 | 88 | Australia | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents diagnosed with TB infection | 5–7 | – | (−) Moved out of catchment |
Brassard and Lamarre51 | 2000 | 456 | Canada | Prospective cohort/contact investigation | Children* exposed to a physician with infectious TB | 1,4–7 | (+) Fewer children living in household | (−) Inability to contact by mail (−) Caregiver concerns about treatment (−) Caregivers' misunderstanding of duration of treatment (−) Forgetting (−) Lack of cooperation from child (−) Concurrent infectious diseases |
Brassard et al68 | 2006 | 3710 | Canada | Prospective cohort | Child* and adolescent immigrants | 1–4,7 | (+) More family members undergoing TB testing (−) Older age at time of screening (−) Longer time since immigration | (−) Patient/caregiver refusal (−) Moved out of catchment |
Breuss et al86 | 2002 | 34 | Switzerland | Retrospective cohort | Children and adolescents seeking asylum | 4 | – | – |
Bright-Thomas et al168 | 2010 | 334 | UK | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | – | – |
Calder et al57 | 2008 | 491 | New Zealand | Prospective cohort/contact investigation | Children* and adolescents exposed to individuals with infectious TB | 1,5,6 | – | (−) Patient/caregiver refusal |
Calzada-Hernandez et al89 | 2015 | 3 | Spain | Retrospective cohort | Children and adolescents receiving anti-TNFα therapy | 5–7 | – | – |
Cass et al143 | 2005 | 1582 | USA | Prospective cohort | Children* and adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | (+) Spanish speaking (+) Contact investigation (+) Incentive programme (−) Clinic location (−) Missed appointment calls and letters (−) Referred to a public health nurse | – |
Catho et al169 | 2015 | 43 | France | Retrospective cohort/contact investigation | Children* and adolescents exposed to individuals with infectious MDR-TB | 7 | – | – |
Chang et al131 | 2013 | 1525 | USA | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents diagnosed with TB infection | 7 | (+) Home follow-up (vs clinic follow-up) | – |
Chang et al83 | 2014 | 1872 | USA | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents diagnosed with TB infection | 4–7 | (−) Older age (−) Non-Hispanic race (−) Adverse medication effects | (−) Transferred care (−) Moved out of catchment (−) Patient/caregiver refusal (−) Pregnancy |
Cheng et al71 | 1997 | 627 | USA | RCT | Children* and adolescents receiving outpatient primary care | 2 | (+) Education and school form intervention (+) Nurse visit intervention | (−) Lack of time (−) Transportation/money barriers (−) Forgot (−) Family health problems |
Cheng et al170 | 1996 | 37 | USA | Prospective cohort | Children* and adolescents screened for TB infection | 2 | – | – |
Christy et al80 | 1996 | 401 | USA | Prospective cross-sectional | Children* and adolescents receiving outpatient primary care | 2 | – | – |
Coly and Morisky113 | 2004 | 610 | USA | RCT | Children and adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | (+) Higher score on medication-taking behaviour index (+) Living with both parents | – |
Crossa et al114 | 2015 | 16 995 | USA | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents tested for TB | 7 | – | – |
Cruz et al109 | 2014 | 40 | USA | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | – | (−) Medication adverse effects |
Cruz and Starke132 | 2013 | 1383 | USA | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | – | (−) Medication adverse effects (−) Moved out of catchment (−) Patient/caregiver refusal |
Cruz and Starke118 | 2014 | 404 | USA | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | (+) Treatment with 4R (vs 9H) | (−) Medication adverse effects (−) Moved out of catchment (−) Patient/caregiver refusal |
Cruz and Starke90 | 2012 | 289 | USA | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents diagnosed with TB infection | 5–7 | (+) DOPT (vs SAT) | (−) Moved out of catchment (−) Patient/caregiver refusal |
Daskalaki et al133 | 2011 | 58 | USA | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | – | (−) Medication adverse effects (−) Pregnancy |
De Pontual et al91 | 2004 | 92 | France | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 5,6 | – | – |
Dewan et al92 | 2006 | 5 | USA | Prospective cohort/contact investigation | Children* and adolescents exposed to individuals with infectious TB | 5–7 | – | – |
Dobler and Marks119 | 2012 | 51 | Australia | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | – | – |
Donahue et al127 | 2019 | 7 | USA | Prospective cohort | Children receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | – | (+) Telemedicine DOPT |
Elliot et al94 | 2018 | 36 | Australia | Retrospective cohort | Child* and adolescent refugees | 5–7 | – | (−) Inability to contact families |
Erkens et al171 | 2014 | 1120 | The Netherlands | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents diagnosed with TB infection | 7 | – | (−) Transferred care |
Erkens et al134 | 2016 | 3301 | The Netherlands | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents diagnosed with TB infection | 7 | – | (−) Medication adverse effects |
Fathoala et al172 | 2006 | 130 | UK | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents diagnosed with TB infection | 7 | – | – |
Feja et al108 | 2008 | 51 | USA | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents receiving MDR-TB infection treatment | 7 | (+) Care at a government health department clinic (vs non-department of health clinic) | (−) Medication adverse effects |
Gaensbauer et al120 | 2018 | 1174 | USA | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | (+) Contact with active TB case (+) Speaking language common to >5% of TB infection patients (+) Treatment with 4R (vs 9H) | (−) Medication adverse effect (−) Moved out of catchment (−) Patient/caregiver refusal |
George et al84 | 2011 | 193 | USA | Prospective cross-sectional | Children* who were international adoptees | 4 | – | – |
Guix-Comellas et al129 | 2017 | 213 | Spain | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | – | – |
Hatzenbuehler et al39 | 2016 | 925 | USA | Prospective cohort | Adolescent students undergoing scheduled screening | 1–7 | – | – |
Herchline and Trent63 | 2018 | ND | USA | Retrospective cohort | Adolescent refugees | 7 | – | (+) Age 13–17 years |
Higuchi et al173 | 2008 | 43 | Japan | Prospective cohort/contact investigation | Child and adolescent students exposed to individuals with infectious TB | 7 | – | – |
Hill et al135 | 2010 | 285 | USA | Qualitative/survey | Adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | – | (−) Caregiver barriers: lack of knowledge, work conflicts, costs of seeing providers, concerns about medication adverse effects (−) Clinician-related barriers: lack of knowledge, resistance to recommendations for monthly visits (−) Limited capacity of local health department to provide TB infection care (−) Patient barriers: lack of knowledge, difficulty completing baseline health checks and medication adverse effects |
Horsburgh et al110 | 2010 | 347 | Canada and USA | Retrospective cross-sectional | Children* and adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | – | (−) Patient/caregiver refusal |
Hovell et al137 | 2003 | 286 | USA | Qualitative/survey | Adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | (+) Adherence coaching (+) Bicultural (+) School grades (+) Younger age (−) Risk-taking behaviours | – |
Hovell et al139 | 2018 | 263 | USA | RCT | Adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | (+) Time spent in adherence counselling sessions (+) Family encouragement to take therapy (−) Ran out of medication | – |
Hovell et al142 | 2003 | 286 | USA | RCT | Adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | (+) Adherence coaching (+) Bicultural (+) Younger age (−) Risk-taking behaviours | – |
Hwang et al45 | 2019 | 269 | South Korea | Retrospective cohort/contact investigation | Children* and adolescents exposed to individuals with infectious TB | 1,7 | – | – |
Iroh Tam et al174 | 2010 | 13 | Ireland | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents diagnosed with TB infection | 7 | – | – |
Kaiser et al95 | 2015 | 215 | USA | Prospective cohort/contact investigation | Adolescent students exposed to individuals with infectious TB | 2,5,6 | – | – |
Kim et al53 | 2017 | 947 | South Korea | Retrospective cohort/contact investigation | Adolescent students exposed to individuals with infectious TB | 1,5,6 | – | – |
Kohn et al85 | 1996 | 864 | USA | Prospective cohort | Adolescent students undergoing scheduled screening | 4,7 | (+) DOPT (vs SAT) | (−) Patient/caregiver refusal |
Kominski et al115 | 2007 | 794 | USA | RCT/cost effectiveness | Children and adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | (+) Living with both parents (+) Born outside of the USA | – |
Kondo and Ito96 | 2003 | 273 | Japan | Prospective cohort/contact investigation | Children* exposed to individuals with infectious TB | 5–7 | – | – |
Korneva et al97 | 2015 | 80 | Russia | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 5–7 | – | (−) Caregiver refusal |
Kwara et al121 | 2008 | 132 | USA | Retrospective cohort | Children and adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | - | – |
Lardizabal et al122 | 2006 | 348 | USA | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | – | – |
Levesque et al175 | 2004 | ND | Canada | Retrospective cohort | Child and adolescent refugees | 1 | – | – |
Li et al14 | 2010 | 4119 | USA | Retrospective cohort | Children and adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | – | (+) Treatment with 6R (vs 9H) |
Lobato et al176 | 2003 | 578 | USA | Retrospective cohort/contact investigation | Children* and adolescents exposed to individuals with infectious TB | 6 | – | – |
Lobato et al177 | 2008 | 298 | USA | Retrospective cross-sectional | Children* receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | – | – |
Loutet et al62 | 2018 | 44 | UK | Retrospective cohort | Child and adolescent immigrants | 1 | – | – |
Macaraig et al128 | 2018 | 85 | USA | Retrospective cohort | Children and adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | – | – |
Martínez-Roig et al178 | 2003 | 73 | Spain | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents diagnosed with TB infection or exposed to individuals with infectious TB | 7 | – | – |
Milinkovic et al15 | 2018 | 93 | Canada | Retrospective cohort | Children and adolescents diagnosed with TB infection | 6,7 | – | – |
Minodier et al40 | 2010 | 4375 | Canada | Prospective cohort | Child and adolescent students undergoing scheduled screening | 1–7 | (+) Location of origin (−) Delay between TST and first clinic visit (−) Household composition (living with parents plus grandparents; living with non-child relatives) (−) Age >16 years (vs younger) | (−) Patient/caregiver refusal (−) Transferred care |
Morisky et al116 | 2001 | 767 | USA | RCT | Children and adolescent receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | (+) Age <15 years (vs ≥15 years) (+) Asian ethnicity (+) Born outside the USA (+) Clinic location (+) Higher medication-taking behaviour score | – |
Morisky et al138 | 2003 | 5561 | USA | Retrospective cohort | Adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | (+) Younger age (+) Asian ethnicity | – |
Muller et al54 | 2008 | 272 | Sweden | Prospective cohort/contact investigation | Children and adolescents exposed to individuals with infectious TB | 1,5,6 | – | – |
Nuzzo et al16 | 2015 | 137 | USA | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents tested for TB | 4–7 | – | – |
Olsson et al123 | 2018 | 84 | Sweden | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | – | – |
Page et al117 | 2006 | 254 | USA | Retrospective cohort | Adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | – | – |
Parsyan et al111 | 2007 | 251 | USA | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | – | – |
Parvaresh et al41 | 2018 | 14 | Australia | Retrospective cohort/contact investigation | Children* exposed to a physician with infectious TB | 1–7 | – | – |
Phillips et al59 | 2004 | 781 | USA | Prospective cohort/contact investigation | Adolescents exposed to individuals with infectious TB | 1,5–7 | – | (−) Patient/caregiver refusal |
Plourde et al145 | 2019 | 1926 | Canada | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | – | (−) Treatment with 4R (vs 6H or 9H) |
Powell et al124 | 2008 | 545 | USA | Retrospective cohort | Children and adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | (−) Location of origin (Eastern Europe vs others) | (−) Patient/caregiver refusal (−) Moved out of catchment (−) Transferred care |
Reichler et al98 | 2002 | 52 | USA | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents exposed to individuals with infectious TB | 5–7 | – | – |
Rinsky et al73 | 2018 | 26 | USA | Prospective cohort/contact investigation | Neonates* exposed to a patient with infectious TB | 1,2,6 | – | (−) Unable to locate family |
Rogo et al31 | 2017 | 120 | USA | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | – | (+) Female (+) Interpreter used (+) Referral from within hospital (+) Refugee (−) Medication adverse effects (−) Prior BCG vaccination |
Ronald et al140 | 2020 | 2359 | Canada | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | – | (+) Treatment with 4R (vs 9H) |
Rubinowitz et al32 | 2014 | 3552 | Canada | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | – | – |
Sandul et al17 | 2017 | 164 | USA | Prospective cohort | Children* and adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | – | (−) Medication adverse effects (−) Patient/caregiver refusal (−) Refusal of DOPT |
Santos et al125 | 2020 | 72 | Portugal | Retrospective cohort | Children* receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | (+) Age <6 years (vs ≥6 years) | (−) Medication adverse effects (−) ‘Social problems/family dysfunction’ |
Saunders et al125 | 2014 | 13 584 | UK | Retrospective cohort/contact investigation | Children* and adolescents exposed to individuals with infectious TB | 2 | – | – |
Sentis et al179 | 2020 | 1524 | Portugal | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | – | – |
Seraphin et al19 | 2019 | 3150 | USA | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | – | (−) Patient/caregiver refusal (−) Medication adverse effects |
Sipan et al69 | 2003 | 8028 | USA | Prospective cohort | Adolescent students undergoing scheduled screening | 1,2 | – | – |
Sloot et al77 | 2014 | 130 | The Netherlands | Retrospective cohort/Contact investigation | Children* and adolescents exposed to individuals with infectious TB | 1 | – | – |
Song et al60 | 2012 | 1826 | South Korea | Retrospective cohort/contact investigation | Adolescent students exposed to individuals with infectious TB | 1,5–7 | – | – |
Souder et al130 | 2016 | 108 | USA | Retrospective cohort/contact investigation | Children* and adolescents exposed to individuals with infectious TB | 7 | – | – |
Spicer et al99 | 2013 | 1516 | USA | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents diagnosed with TB infection | 5–7 | (+) Treatment at an offsite clinic (vs hospital clinic) (+) Younger age (−) Location of origin | (−) Patient/caregiver refusal |
Spruijt et al180 | 2019 | 85 | The Netherlands | Prospective cohort and qualitative/survey | Children* and adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | – | – |
Spyridis et al126 | 2007 | 926 | Greece | RCT | Children* and adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | (+) Treatment with 4RH (vs 9H) | (−) Early treatment termination by primary care provider (−) Lack of understanding of administration instructions (−) Medication adverse effects (−) Patient/caregiver refusal |
Starr et al181 | 1999 | 42 | Australia | Prospective cohort | Adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | – | – |
Sterling et al105 | 2020 | – | – | Systematic review | Children* and adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | – | – |
Stockbridge et al20 | 2018 | 105 | USA | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | – | – |
Taylor et al64 | 2016 | 8231 | USA | Retrospective cohort | Child* and adolescent immigrants receiving TB infection treatment | 7 | – | – |
Thee et al100 | 2019 | 301 | Germany | Prospective cohort | Adolescent refugees | 5–7 | – | (−) Moved out of catchment |
Usemann et al78 | 2019 | 1462 | Switzerland | Retrospective cohort | Child and adolescent immigrants | 2–4 | – | (−) Moved out of catchment |
van der Heijden et al70 | 2015 | 9143 | USA | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents receiving outpatient primary care | 1–3 | (+) Older age (+) Race/ethnicity (non- Hispanic black vs others) (+) Year of TST placement | – |
Venturini et al146 | 2018 | 441 | Italy | Retrospective cohort | Children and adolescents receiving treatment TB infection treatment | 7 | (+) Treatment with 3–4HR (vs 6–9H) | – |
Vivier et al76 | 2006 | 1988 | USA | Retrospective cohort | Children* tested for TB | 1,2 | (+) Head of household not a US citizen (+) Primary language other than English (+) Receiving care at a community health centre or hospital-based clinic (vs office-based practice) | – |
Wang et al58 | 2010 | 72 | USA | Prospective cohort/contact investigation | Adolescent students exposed to individuals with infectious TB | 1 | – | (−) Moved out of catchment (−) Patient/caregiver refusal |
Young et al82 | 2012 | 157 | USA | Retrospective cohort | Children* and adolescents receiving outpatient primary care | 3–7 | (+) ≥2 well-child checks at health centre prior to TST (vs 0–1) (+) Fewer days between TST read and chest X-ray (+) Younger age | (−) Medication adverse effects |
(+) Factors associated with increased retention.
(−) Factors associated with decreased retention.
*Included children <5 years old.
DOPT, directly observed preventive treatment; 6H, 6 months of isoniazid; 9H, 9 months of isoniazid; 6–9H, 6–9 months of isoniazid; HCW, healthcare worker; 3HP, 3 months of isoniazid plus rifapentine; 3HR, 3 months of isoniazid plus rifampin; 3–4HR, 3–4 months of isoniazid plus rifampin; IPT, isoniazid preventive treatment; MDR-TB, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis; ND, not documented; 4R, 4 months of rifampin; RCT, randomised controlled trial; SAT, self-administered treatment; TB, tuberculosis; TNFα, tumour necrosis factor alpha; TPT, TB preventive treatment; TST, tuberculin skin test.