Baseline characteristics of participants in each study
| Men | Women | |||||||||
| Malawi (rural) | Malawi (urban) | Uganda | EXTEND | EFS | Malawi (rural) | Malawi (urban) | Uganda | EXTEND | EFS | |
| n | 4534 | 3988 | 2177 | 2646 | 952 | 5894 | 7192 | 2424 | 4641 | 507 |
| Age (years)* | 33 | 28 | 37 | 58 | 32 | 34 | 29 | 43 | 55 | 31 |
| (24–46) | (22–39) | (25–51) | (44–67) | (29–36) | (25–48) | (22–37) | (30–56) | (43–65) | (29–35) | |
| BMI (kg/m2)† | 21.5 | 22.3 | 20.7 | 26.7 | 26.2 | 23.2 | 25.0 | 22.3 | 25.7 | 24.4 |
| (21.3 to 21.6) | (22.2 to 22.4) | (20.6 to 20.9) | (26.5 to 26.8) | (26.0 to 26.5) | (23.1 to 23.3) | (24.9 to 25.1) | (22.2 to 22.5) | (25.6 to 25.8) | (24.1 to 24.8) | |
| BMI category‡ | ||||||||||
| Underweight (BMI <18.5) | 9.2 | 7.0 | 16.5 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 6.1 | 3.6 | 11.0 | 1.3 | 1.6 |
| (8.4 to 10.1) | (6.3 to 7.9) | (15.0 to 18.1) | (0.2 to 0.7) | (0.3 to 1.4) | (5.5 to 6.7) | (3.2 to 4.1) | (9.8 to 12.3) | (1.0 to 1.6) | (0.8 to 3.1) | |
| Healthy weight (BMI 18.5–25) | 81.1 | 73.7 | 76.5 | 33.4 | 34.8 | 65.8 | 51.0 | 66.0 | 47.2 | 61.3 |
| (80.0 to 82.2) | (72.3 to 75.0) | (74.7 to 78.3) | (31.6 to 35.2) | (31.8 to 37.9) | (64.6 to 67.0) | (49.9 to 52.2) | (64.1 to 67.9) | (45.8 to 48.7) | (57.0 to 65.5) | |
| Overweight (BMI 25–30) | 8.6 | 15.2 | 6.3 | 46.7 | 47.9 | 20.1 | 26.9 | 17.3 | 33.0 | 25.8 |
| (7.8 to 9.5) | (14.2 to 16.4) | (5.4 to 7.4) | (44.8 to 48.6) | (44.7 to 51.1) | (19.1 to 21.1) | (25.8 to 27.9) | (15.9 to 18.9) | (31.7 to 34.4) | (22.2 to 29.8) | |
| Obese (BMI >30) | 1.0 | 4.0 | 0.7 | 19.5 | 16.7 | 8.0 | 18.5 | 5.7 | 18.5 | 11.2 |
| (0.8 to 1.4) | (3.5 to 4.7) | (0.4 to 1.2) | (18.0 to 21.1) | (14.5 to 19.2) | (7.4 to 8.8) | (17.6 to 19.4) | (4.8 to 6.7) | (17.4 to 19.7) | (8.8 to 14.3) | |
| Waist circumference (cm)† | 77.2 | 77.7 | 75.6 | 93.9 | 91.3 | 80.2 | 79.2 | 78.0 | 82.4 | 82.2 |
| (76.9 to 77.6) | (77.4 to 78.0) | (75.3 to 76.1) | (93.4 to 94.3) | (90.6 to 92.0) | (80.0 to 80.5) | (79.0 to 79.4) | (77.6 to 78.4) | (82.1 to 82.7) | (81.3 to 83.0) | |
| Waist to hip ratio† | 0.86 | 0.84 | 0.85 | 0.92 | 0.88 | 0.85 | 0.80 | 0.83 | 0.81 | 0.81 |
| (0.86 to 0.86) | (0.84 to 0.84) | (0.85 to 0.86) | (0.91 to 0.92) | (0.87 to 0.88) | (0.85 to 0.85) | (0.80 to 0.80) | (0.83 to 0.83) | (0.80 to 0.81) | (0.80 to 0.81) | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)† | 123.3 | 127.0 | 125.5 | 133.6 | – | 118.0 | 120.5 | 123.8 | 125.5 | – |
| (122.9 to 123.8) | (126.5 to 127.5) | (124.7 to 126.1) | (133.0 to 134.3) | (117.7 to 118.4) | (120.2 to 120.9) | (123.2 to 124.6) | (125.1 to 126.0) | |||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)† | 72.2 | 73.0 | 74.7 | 78.2 | – | 72.3 | 73.3 | 75.9 | 73.0 | – |
| (72.0 to 72.5) | (72.7 to 73.3) | (74.3 to 75.1) | (77.8 to 78.6) | (72.1 to 72.6) | (73.0 to 73.5) | (75.5 to 76.3) | (72.7 to 73.3) | |||
| Currently smoke‡ | 12.9 | 8.4 | 21.2 | 6.8 | 27.5 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 2.9 | 5.5 | – |
| (11.9 to 13.9) | (7.6 to 9.3) | (19.5 to 23.0) | (5.8 to 7.7) | (24.6 to 30.6) | (0.1 to 0.3) | (0.1 to 0.3) | (2.3 to 3.7) | (4.9 to 6.3) | ||
| Consumes alcohol daily‡ | 2.2 | 2.0 | 8.6 | 0.0 | – | 0.1 | 0.1 | 2.3 | 0.0 | – |
| (1.8 to 2.7) | (1.5 to 2.4) | (7.5 to 9.9) | (0.0 to 0.0) | (0.0 to 0.1) | (0.0 to 0.2) | (1.7 to 3.0) | (0.0 to 0.0) | |||
*Median (IQR).
†Geometric mean (95% CI).
‡Percentage (95% CI).
–, data that were unavailable; BMI, body mass index; EFS, Exeter Family Study; EXTEND, Exeter 10,000 cohort.