First author, year | Self-sampling device(s) | Hypothetical or actual use | Setting | Location | Population | Sample size | Study design |
Abuelo,71 2014 | Unspecified | Actual | Community | Peru: Iquitos | Women aged 30–45 years and daughters or other girls aged 10–13 years in the community. | 320 | Quantitative |
Aiko,72 2017 | Brush | Actual | Home | Japan: Yokohama | Women aged 20–69 with abnormal cervical cytology. | 136 | Quantitative |
Andersson,66 2018 | Swab; urine | Actual | Clinic | Sweden: Stockholm | Women who had undergone treatment of high-grade CIN2+. | 479 | Quantitative |
Anhang,57 2005 | Swab | Actual | Clinic | USA: New York, New York | Women aged ≥25 years who have not had a Pap test in the last year from four publicly funded clinics. | 172 | Quantitative |
Arrossi,69 2016 | Brush | Actual | Home | Argentina: Jujuy | Women aged ≥30 years. | 2616 | MM |
Bansil,70 2014 | Brush | Actual | Clinic | India, Nicaragua and Uganda | Women enrolled in the Screening Technologies to Advance Rapid Testing Utility and Program Planning project. | 3863 | MM |
Berner,73 2013 | Swab | Actual | Clinic | Cameroon | Women aged 24–69 years. | 243 | Quantitative |
Bosgraaf,33 2014 | Brush; lavage | Actual | Home | Netherlands | Women aged 29–63 years who are part of PROHTECT 3B trial. | 9484 | Quantitative |
Cadman, 67 2015 | Brush; swab | Hypothetical | n/a | UK: London | Hindu women aged 25–64 years. | 185 | MM |
Castell,74 2014 | Lavage | Actual | Home | Germany: Hamburg, Hanover | Women aged 20–69 years within the German National Cohort. | 108 | Quantitative |
Chen,75 2014 | Unspecified | Hypothetical | n/a | Taiwan | Women aged 18–65 years. | 500 | Quantitative |
Crofts,65 2015 | Swab | Actual | Clinic | Cameroon: Tiko, Yaounde | Women aged 30–65 years. | 540 | Quantitative |
Dareng,76 2015 | Unspecified | Hypothetical | n/a | Nigeria: Ondo, Abuja | Women aged ≥18 years | 600 | Quantitative |
Dzuba,77 2002 | Swab | Actual | Clinic | Mexico | Women aged ≥20 years who use the Mexican Institute of Social Services, and who were involved in the parent study. | 1069 | Quantitative |
Esber,41 2017 | Swab | Hypothetical | n/a | Malawi: Lilongwe | Women aged 15–39 years. | 824 | Quantitative |
Fargnoli 24 2015 | Swab | Hypothetical | n/a | Switzerland: Geneva | Women aged 24–67 years who had not been screened for cervical cancer in the last 3 years. | 125 | Qualitative |
Flores,78 2003 | Swab | Actual | Clinic | Mexico: Morelos | Women aged 20–80 years using cervical cancer screening services at 23 health units that make up the Mexican National Cervical Cancer Screening Program. | 7872 | Quantitative |
Gottschlich,58 2017 | Swab | Actual | Home | Guatemala: Santiago Atitlan | Indigenous women aged 18–60 years. | 202 | Quantitative |
Guan,53 2012 | Brush | Actual | Clinic | China: Xiangyuan County | Women aged 30–58 years from the national cervical cancer screening programme. | 174 | Quantitative |
Hanley,79 2016 | Brush | Actual | Workplace | Japan: Sapporo | Working women aged 20–49 years attending their annual workplace check-up at Sapporo Industrial Health Management Screening Center. | 203 | Quantitative |
Harper,34 2002a | Swab; tampon | Actual | Home | USA: New Hampshire | Women age 18–68 years attending Dartmouth teaching clinics who had been referred for a colposcopy for either abnormal Pap smear findings or abnormal cervical cancer examination findings. | 103 | Quantitative |
Harper,49 2002b | Swab; tampon | Actual | Clinic | USA: New Hampshire | Women aged 18–68 years who attended an affiliated Dartmouth-Hitchcock teaching clinic with abnormal Pap smear findings or abnormal cervical cancer findings. | 103 | Quantitative |
Howard,25 2009 | Unspecified | Hypothetical | n/a | Canada: Hamilton, Ontario: | Married or previously married women aged 35–65 years who were a part of one of the following: English-speaking Canadian with low SES, and Arabic, Cantonese, Dari, Somali or Latina women who recently immigrated to Canada. | 87 | Qualitative |
Igidbashian,80 2011 | Brush; lavage | Actual | Clinic | Italy: Milan | Women aged 19–72 years undergoing an excisional procedure for CIN. | 205 | Quantitative |
Ilangovan,42 2016 | Brush | Actual | Clinic | USA: Miami, Florida | Haitian and Latina women aged 30–65 years who reported not receiving a Pap test in the last 3 years. | 180 | Quantitative |
Jones,81 2008 | Lavage | Actual | Home | The Netherlands | Women aged 30–60 years attending 3 obstetrics and gynaecology hospital departments in Veldhoven, Arnhem and Tilburg, in the Netherlands. | 104 | Quantitative |
Kahn,64 2005 | Swab | Actual | Clinic | USA: Ohio | Sexually active adolescent girls and young women aged 14–21 years attending an urban, hospital-based teen health centre. | 121 | Quantitative |
Katz,26 2017 | Brush; lavage; swab | Hypothetical | Home | USA: Appalachian Ohio | Rural women aged 30–65 years who had not received a Pap test in the past 3 years. | 15 | Qualitative |
Ketelaars,82 2017 | Brush | Actual | Home | The Netherlands | Women aged 30–60 years old participating in the Dutch screening programme. | 2460 | Quantitative |
Kilfoyle,43 2018 | Brush | Actual | Home | USA: North Carolina | Low-income women overdue for cervical cancer screening. | 227 | Quantitative |
Lack,50 2005 | Swab; tampon | Actual | Community | Gambia | Rural women. | 377 | Quantitative |
Leniz,44 2013 | Brush | Actual | Clinic | Chile: Santiago | Women aged 30–64 years who reported not receiving a Pap test in the last 3 years. | 1085 | Quantitative |
Levinson,83 2013 | Unspecified | Actual | Community | Peru: Manchay, Iquitos | Women aged 30–45. | 643 | Quantitative |
Lindell,45 2012 | Swab | Actual | Home | Sweden | Women aged 50–65 years who had not attended cervical cancer screening in the last 6 years. | 3618 | Quantitative |
Mahomed,51 2014 | Brush; lavage; tampon | Hypothetical | n/a | South Africa | HIV-positive women aged >18 years from urban and rural HIV clinics. | 106 | Quantitative |
Mao,35 2017 | Swab | Actual | Home | USA: Seattle, Washington | Women aged 21–65 years attending a University of Washington clinic. | 1769 | Quantitative |
Ma’som,95 2016 | Brush | Actual | Clinic | Malaysia: Selangor | Women aged 18–60 years attending 5 government-run general practice clinics. | 839 | Quantitative |
Maza,46 2018 | Unspecified | Actual | Home | El Salvador: Paracentral region | Women aged 30–69 years who reported not receiving a Pap test in the last 3 years or HPV test in the last 5 years and had not undergone procedures associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. | 1867 | Quantitative |
Mbatha,54 2017 | Brush; swab | Actual | Clinic | South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal | Sexually active adolescent girls and young women aged 16–22 years enrolled in government high school. | 91 | Quantitative |
McLachlan,47 2018 | Unspecified | Actual | Clinic | Australia: Victoria | Women aged 27–74 years who were underscreened or never screened. | 40 | MM |
Mitchell,61 2017 | Swab | Actual | Clinic | Uganda | HIV-positive women aged 30–69 years. | 87 | Quantitative |
Modibbo,36 2017 | Swab | Actual | Home | Nigeria: Abuja | Women aged 30–65 years. | 400 | Quantitative |
Molokwu,37 2018 | Swab | Actual | Home | USA: El Paso County, Texas | Women aged 30–65 years with no cervical screening in the last 3 years. | 202 | Quantitative |
Moran,84 2017 | Brush | Actual | Home | Peru: Ventanilla Callao | Women enrolled in the HOPE programme. | 97 | Quantitative |
Nobbenhuis,85 2002 | Lavage | Actual | Home | Netherlands: Rotterdam and Amsterdam | Women aged 20–63 years. | 56 | Quantitative |
Obiri-Yeboah,86 2017 | Brush | Actual | Clinic | Ghana: Cape Coast | Every fifth woman aged ≥18 years attending a teaching hospital. | 194 | Quantitative |
Oranratanaphan 94 2014 | Brush | Actual | Clinic | Thailand: Bangkok | Women aged 30–65 years. | 100 | Quantitative |
Ortiz,87 2012 | Brush | Actual | Clinic | Puerto Rico | Women aged 18–34 years attending an OBGYN clinic for routine Pap test. | 100 | Quantitative |
Penaranda,27 2014 | Unspecified | Hypothetical | n/a | US–Mexico border | Women aged 30–65 years. | 21 | Qualitative |
Phoolcharoen,88 2018 | Brush | Actual | Clinic | Thailand: Bangkok | Women aged 30–70 years. | 250 | Quantitative |
Pieters,29 2013 | Labial padette | Actual | Clinic | USA: Los Angeles, California | Homeless women aged 32–70 years. | 17 | Qualitative |
Podolak,68 2017 | Unspecified | Hypothetical | n/a | Kenya: Nairobi | Women in counties near the University of Nairobi. | 107 | MM |
Quincy,89 2012 | Brush; swab | Actual | Clinic | Nicaragua: Leon | Women aged 25–60 years. | 250 | Quantitative |
Racey,38 2016 | Swab | Actual | Home | Canada: Ontario | Underscreened rural women aged 30–70 years. | 100 | Quantitative |
Reisner,62 2018 | Swab | Actual | Clinic | USA: Boston, Massachusetts | Sexually active transgender males aged 21–64 years. | 150 | Quantitative |
Reiter,63 2015 | Unspecified | Hypothetical | n/a | USA | Lesbian and bisexual women aged 21–26 years. | 418 | Quantitative |
Rodrigues,60 2018 | Brush | Actual | Clinic | Brazil: Tapájos region | Women aged 17–75 years recruited from health centres; some women HIV+. | 153 | Quantitative |
Rosenbaum,52 2014 | Brush | Actual | Clinic | El Salvador: Paracentral region | Women aged 30–49 years. | 518 | Quantitative |
Silva,90 2017 | Unspecified | Actual | Unspecified | Portugal | Women aged 18–66 years. | 313 | Quantitative |
Sy,30 2017 | Urine | Actual | Clinic | Federated States of Micronesia: Yap State | Women aged 21–65 years. | 217 | Qualitative |
Szarewski,28 2009 | Lavage; swab | Hypothetical | n/a | UK: London | Muslim women aged 21–65 years recruited from the Noor Ul Islam Trust. | 28 | Qualitative |
Tisci,55 2003 | Brush | Actual | Clinic | China | Women aged 35–60 years who may not have been screened for cervical neoplasia in the past 10 years. | 1560 | Quantitative |
Trope,56 2013 | Swab | Actual | Community | Thailand: Roi-it Province | Women aged 25–60 years who had not been screened for cervical cancer in the past 5 years. | 431 | Quantitative |
van de Wijgert,32 2006 | Swab; tampon | Actual | Clinic | South Africa: Cape Town | Sexually active women >18 years. | 450 | Qualitative |
Vanderpool,48 2014 | Brush | Actual | Clinic | USA: Appalachian Kentucky | Women aged 30–64 years with no cervical screening in the last 3 years. | 31 | Quantitative |
Waller,91 2006 | Swab | Actual | Clinic | UK: Central and West London | Women. | 902 | Quantitative |
Winer,59 2016 | Swab | Actual | Home | USA: Hopi Reservation, Arizona | Hopi women aged 21–65 years. | 353 | Quantitative |
Wong,39 2016 | Swab | Actual | Clinic | Hong Kong | Women aged 35–65 years. | 392 | Quantitative |
Wong,40 2018 | Swab | Actual | Clinic | Hong Kong | Female sex workers aged ≥18 years. | 68 | Quantitative |
Yoshida,92 2013 | Brush | Actual | Home | Laos | Women aged 18–80 years who worked in Khammouane Provincial Hospital, Xebangfay District Health Office or lived in Tung village in Sibounhouane subdistrict. | 290 | Quantitative |
Zehbe,93 2011 | Swab | Actual | Home | Canada: Ontario | Women aged 25–59 years. | 49 | Quantitative |
Zehbe,31 2017 | Swab | Hypothetical | n/a | Canada: Ontario | First Nation women aged ≥18 without formal postsecondary education. | 85 | Qualitative |
CIN, Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia; HPV, human papillomavirus; SES, socioeconomic status.