Table 2

Characteristics of included studies

First author, yearSelf-sampling device(s)Hypothetical or actual useSettingLocationPopulationSample sizeStudy design
Abuelo,71 2014UnspecifiedActualCommunityPeru: IquitosWomen aged 30–45 years and daughters or other girls aged 10–13 years in the community.320Quantitative
Aiko,72 2017BrushActualHomeJapan: YokohamaWomen aged 20–69 with abnormal cervical cytology.136Quantitative
Andersson,66 2018Swab; urineActualClinicSweden: StockholmWomen who had undergone treatment of high-grade CIN2+.479Quantitative
Anhang,57 2005SwabActualClinicUSA: New York, New YorkWomen aged ≥25 years who have not had a Pap test in the last year from four publicly funded clinics.172Quantitative
Arrossi,69 2016BrushActualHomeArgentina: JujuyWomen aged ≥30 years.2616MM
Bansil,70 2014BrushActualClinicIndia, Nicaragua and UgandaWomen enrolled in the Screening Technologies to Advance Rapid Testing Utility and Program Planning project.3863MM
Berner,73 2013SwabActualClinicCameroonWomen aged 24–69 years.243Quantitative
Bosgraaf,33 2014Brush; lavageActualHomeNetherlandsWomen aged 29–63 years who are part of PROHTECT 3B trial.9484Quantitative
Cadman, 67 2015Brush; swabHypotheticaln/aUK: LondonHindu women aged 25–64 years.185MM
Castell,74 2014LavageActualHomeGermany: Hamburg, HanoverWomen aged 20–69 years within the German National Cohort.108Quantitative
Chen,75 2014UnspecifiedHypotheticaln/aTaiwanWomen aged 18–65 years.500Quantitative
Crofts,65 2015SwabActualClinicCameroon: Tiko, YaoundeWomen aged 30–65 years.540Quantitative
Dareng,76 2015UnspecifiedHypotheticaln/aNigeria: Ondo, AbujaWomen aged ≥18 years600Quantitative
Dzuba,77 2002SwabActualClinicMexicoWomen aged ≥20 years who use the Mexican Institute of Social Services, and who were involved in the parent study.1069Quantitative
Esber,41 2017SwabHypotheticaln/aMalawi: LilongweWomen aged 15–39 years.824Quantitative
Fargnoli 24 2015SwabHypotheticaln/aSwitzerland: GenevaWomen aged 24–67 years who had not been screened for cervical cancer in the last 3 years.125Qualitative
Flores,78 2003SwabActualClinicMexico: MorelosWomen aged 20–80 years using cervical cancer screening services at 23 health units that make up the Mexican National Cervical Cancer Screening Program.7872Quantitative
Gottschlich,58 2017SwabActualHomeGuatemala: Santiago AtitlanIndigenous women aged 18–60 years.202Quantitative
Guan,53 2012BrushActualClinicChina: Xiangyuan CountyWomen aged 30–58 years from the national cervical cancer screening programme.174Quantitative
Hanley,79 2016BrushActualWorkplaceJapan: SapporoWorking women aged 20–49 years attending their annual workplace check-up at Sapporo Industrial Health Management Screening Center.203Quantitative
Harper,34 2002aSwab; tamponActualHomeUSA: New HampshireWomen age 18–68 years attending Dartmouth teaching clinics who had been referred for a colposcopy for either abnormal Pap smear findings or abnormal cervical cancer examination findings.103Quantitative
Harper,49 2002bSwab; tamponActualClinicUSA: New HampshireWomen aged 18–68 years who attended an affiliated Dartmouth-Hitchcock teaching clinic with abnormal Pap smear findings or abnormal cervical cancer findings.103Quantitative
Howard,25 2009UnspecifiedHypotheticaln/aCanada: Hamilton, Ontario:Married or previously married women aged 35–65 years who were a part of one of the following: English-speaking Canadian with low SES, and Arabic, Cantonese, Dari, Somali or Latina women who recently immigrated to Canada.87Qualitative
Igidbashian,80 2011Brush; lavageActualClinicItaly: MilanWomen aged 19–72 years undergoing an excisional procedure for CIN.205Quantitative
Ilangovan,42 2016BrushActualClinicUSA: Miami, FloridaHaitian and Latina women aged 30–65 years who reported not receiving a Pap test in the last 3 years.180Quantitative
Jones,81 2008LavageActualHomeThe NetherlandsWomen aged 30–60 years attending 3 obstetrics and gynaecology hospital departments in Veldhoven, Arnhem and Tilburg, in the Netherlands.104Quantitative
Kahn,64 2005SwabActualClinicUSA: OhioSexually active adolescent girls and young women aged 14–21 years attending an urban, hospital-based teen health centre.121Quantitative
Katz,26 2017Brush; lavage; swabHypotheticalHomeUSA: Appalachian OhioRural women aged 30–65 years who had not received a Pap test in the past 3 years.15Qualitative
Ketelaars,82 2017BrushActualHomeThe NetherlandsWomen aged 30–60 years old participating in the Dutch screening programme.2460Quantitative
Kilfoyle,43 2018BrushActualHomeUSA: North CarolinaLow-income women overdue for cervical cancer screening.227Quantitative
Lack,50 2005Swab; tamponActualCommunityGambiaRural women.377Quantitative
Leniz,44 2013BrushActualClinicChile: SantiagoWomen aged 30–64 years who reported not receiving a Pap test in the last 3 years.1085Quantitative
Levinson,83 2013UnspecifiedActualCommunityPeru: Manchay, IquitosWomen aged 30–45.643Quantitative
Lindell,45 2012SwabActualHomeSwedenWomen aged 50–65 years who had not attended cervical cancer screening in the last 6 years.3618Quantitative
Mahomed,51 2014Brush; lavage; tamponHypotheticaln/aSouth AfricaHIV-positive women aged >18 years from urban and rural HIV clinics.106Quantitative
Mao,35 2017SwabActualHomeUSA: Seattle, WashingtonWomen aged 21–65 years attending a University of Washington clinic.1769Quantitative
Ma’som,95 2016BrushActualClinicMalaysia: SelangorWomen aged 18–60 years attending 5 government-run general practice clinics.839Quantitative
Maza,46 2018UnspecifiedActualHomeEl Salvador: Paracentral regionWomen aged 30–69 years who reported not receiving a Pap test in the last 3 years or HPV test in the last 5 years and had not undergone procedures associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.1867Quantitative
Mbatha,54 2017Brush; swabActualClinicSouth Africa: KwaZulu-NatalSexually active adolescent girls and young women aged 16–22 years enrolled in government high school.91Quantitative
McLachlan,47 2018UnspecifiedActualClinicAustralia: VictoriaWomen aged 27–74 years who were underscreened or never screened.40MM
Mitchell,61 2017SwabActualClinicUgandaHIV-positive women aged 30–69 years.87Quantitative
Modibbo,36 2017SwabActualHomeNigeria: AbujaWomen aged 30–65 years.400Quantitative
Molokwu,37 2018SwabActualHomeUSA: El Paso County, TexasWomen aged 30–65 years with no cervical screening in the last 3 years.202Quantitative
Moran,84 2017BrushActualHomePeru: Ventanilla CallaoWomen enrolled in the HOPE programme.97Quantitative
Nobbenhuis,85 2002LavageActualHomeNetherlands: Rotterdam and AmsterdamWomen aged 20–63 years.56Quantitative
Obiri-Yeboah,86 2017BrushActualClinicGhana: Cape CoastEvery fifth woman aged ≥18 years attending a teaching hospital.194Quantitative
Oranratanaphan 94 2014BrushActualClinicThailand: BangkokWomen aged 30–65 years.100Quantitative
Ortiz,87 2012BrushActualClinicPuerto RicoWomen aged 18–34 years attending an OBGYN clinic for routine Pap test.100Quantitative
Penaranda,27 2014UnspecifiedHypotheticaln/aUS–Mexico borderWomen aged 30–65 years.21Qualitative
Phoolcharoen,88 2018BrushActualClinicThailand: BangkokWomen aged 30–70 years.250Quantitative
Pieters,29 2013Labial padetteActualClinicUSA: Los Angeles, CaliforniaHomeless women aged 32–70 years.17Qualitative
Podolak,68 2017UnspecifiedHypotheticaln/aKenya: NairobiWomen in counties near the University of Nairobi.107MM
Quincy,89 2012Brush; swabActualClinicNicaragua: LeonWomen aged 25–60 years.250Quantitative
Racey,38 2016SwabActualHomeCanada: OntarioUnderscreened rural women aged 30–70 years.100Quantitative
Reisner,62 2018SwabActualClinicUSA: Boston, MassachusettsSexually active transgender males aged 21–64 years.150Quantitative
Reiter,63 2015UnspecifiedHypotheticaln/aUSALesbian and bisexual women aged 21–26 years.418Quantitative
Rodrigues,60 2018BrushActualClinicBrazil: Tapájos regionWomen aged 17–75 years recruited from health centres; some women HIV+.153Quantitative
Rosenbaum,52 2014BrushActualClinicEl Salvador: Paracentral regionWomen aged 30–49 years.518Quantitative
Silva,90 2017UnspecifiedActualUnspecifiedPortugalWomen aged 18–66 years.313Quantitative
Sy,30 2017UrineActualClinicFederated States of Micronesia: Yap StateWomen aged 21–65 years.217Qualitative
Szarewski,28 2009Lavage; swabHypotheticaln/aUK: LondonMuslim women aged 21–65 years recruited from the Noor Ul Islam Trust.28Qualitative
Tisci,55 2003BrushActualClinicChinaWomen aged 35–60 years who may not have been screened for cervical neoplasia in the past 10 years.1560Quantitative
Trope,56 2013SwabActualCommunityThailand: Roi-it ProvinceWomen aged 25–60 years who had not been screened for cervical cancer in the past 5 years.431Quantitative
van de Wijgert,32 2006Swab; tamponActualClinicSouth Africa: Cape TownSexually active women >18 years.450Qualitative
Vanderpool,48 2014BrushActualClinicUSA: Appalachian KentuckyWomen aged 30–64 years with no cervical screening in the last 3 years.31Quantitative
Waller,91 2006SwabActualClinicUK: Central and West LondonWomen.902Quantitative
Winer,59 2016SwabActualHomeUSA: Hopi Reservation, ArizonaHopi women aged 21–65 years.353Quantitative
Wong,39 2016SwabActualClinicHong KongWomen aged 35–65 years.392Quantitative
Wong,40 2018SwabActualClinicHong KongFemale sex workers aged ≥18 years.68Quantitative
Yoshida,92 2013BrushActualHomeLaosWomen aged 18–80 years who worked in Khammouane Provincial Hospital, Xebangfay District Health Office or lived in Tung village in Sibounhouane subdistrict.290Quantitative
Zehbe,93 2011SwabActualHomeCanada: OntarioWomen aged 25–59 years.49Quantitative
Zehbe,31 2017SwabHypotheticaln/aCanada: OntarioFirst Nation women aged ≥18 without formal postsecondary education.85Qualitative

  • CIN, Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia; HPV, human papillomavirus; SES, socioeconomic status.