Indices | Control | Intervention | ITT | 95% CI | ||
N | Mean | N | Mean | |||
Handwashing | 732 | 0.00 | 580 | 0.61 | 0.48 | (0.25 to 0.71) |
Sanitation practices | 732 | 0.00 | 580 | 0.48 | 0.28 | (0.12 to 0.44) |
Water storage | 732 | 0.00 | 580 | −0.21 | −0.11 | (−0.28 to 0.05) |
Child health | 742 | 0.00 | 646 | 0.14 | 0.04 | (−0.11 to 0.20) |
School attendance | 702 | 0.00 | 558 | −0.02 | −0.09 | (−0.20 to 0.03) |
Financial cost of water | 732 | 0.00 | 580 | 0.14 | 0.13 | (−0.10 to 0.36) |
Water satisfaction | 732 | 0.00 | 580 | 0.65 | 0.64 | (0.43 to 0.85) |
Water quality and access | 183 | 0.00 | 145 | 0.23 | 0.13 | (−0.18 to 0.44) |
Water governance | 183 | 0.00 | 145 | 1.33 | 1.33 | (1.12 to 1.54) |
The model includes controls for randomisation blocks based on province and number of villages per cluster. Child health also includes controls for sex and age (months). There were 121 clusters in total. Indices are calculated by rescaling each variable in each index (eg, handwashing) so that higher values imply better outcomes, then standardising relative to the control group, following Kling et al37. Effects are in standard deviation units. All indices are calculated at the household level except child health (child level), water quality and access (village level) and water governance (village level).
ITT, intention-to-treat effect estimate.