Predictors of under 2 years childhood mortality in 2005, 2010 and 2015 in Rwanda
| DHS 2005 | DHS 2010 | DHS 2015 | Pooled database | Pooled reduced model | ||||||
| AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | |
| Mother HIV status | ||||||||||
| HIV negative (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| HIV positive | 1.93* | (1.16 to 3.22) | 2.66* | (1.72 to 4.14) | 1.64* | (0.8 to 3.34) | 2.16* | (1.61 to 2.89) | 2.09* | (1.57 to 2.78) |
| DHS year | ||||||||||
| 2005 (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| 2010 | 0.69* | (0.57 to 0.83) | 0.69* | (0.59 to 0.81) | ||||||
| 2015 | 0.35* | (0.27 to 0.44) | 0.35* | (0.28 to 0.44) | ||||||
| Mother’s education level | ||||||||||
| No education (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Primary | 0.73* | (0.57 to 0.93) | 0.71* | (0.55 to 0.93) | 0.91* | (0.6 to 1.39) | 0.75* | (0.64 to 0.88) | 0.74* | (0.64 to 0.87) |
| Secondary/higher | 0.49* | (0.26 to 0.91) | 0.53* | (0.31 to 0.9) | 0.77* | (0.34 to 1.72) | 0.54* | (0.38 to 0.77) | 0.53* | (0.38 to 0.74) |
| Marital status | ||||||||||
| Not in union (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| In union | 1.01 | (0.71 to 1.44) | 0.93 | (0.64 to 1.35) | 1.29 | (0.79 to 2.11) | 1.03 | (0.82 to 1.29) | ||
| Mother age at child birth | ||||||||||
| Below 24 (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| 25–34 | 1.29 | (0.98 to 1.71) | 1.00 | (0.74 to 1.35) | 0.97 | (0.66 to 1.42) | 1.09 | (0.91 to 1.3) | 1.04 | (0.87 to 1.26) |
| 35+ | 1.36 | (0.96 to 1.93) | 1.25 | (0.83 to 1.88) | 1.87 | (0.99 to 3.54) | 1.34 | (1.05 to 1.72) | 1.24 | (0.97 to 1.60) |
| Mothers occupation | ||||||||||
| Not working (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Skilled work | 0.79 | (0.47 to 1.31) | 0.89 | (0.52 to 1.52) | 0.59 | (0.21 to 1.66) | 0.77 | (0.56 to 1.06) | ||
| None skilled work | 0.92 | (0.72 to 1.18) | 0.80 | (0.52 to 1.25) | 1.62 | (0.69 to 3.81) | 0.93 | (0.75 to 1.14) | ||
| Preceding birth interval | ||||||||||
| Below 24 months (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| 25–36 months | 0.63* | (0.48 to 0.84) | 0.44* | (0.32 to 0.59) | 0.63 | (0.36 to 1.11) | 0.55* | (0.46 to 0.66) | 0.55* | (0.45 to 0.66) |
| 37–48 months | 0.59* | (0.41 to 0.86) | 0.41* | (0.27 to 0.62) | 0.54 | (0.28 to 1.04) | 0.50* | (0.39 to 0.64) | 0.50* | (0.39 to 0.64) |
| 49+ months | 0.47* | (0.31 to 0.69) | 0.30* | (0.19 to 0.49) | 0.58 | (0.32 to 1.04) | 0.42* | (0.32 to 0.56) | 0.43* | (0.33 to 0.55) |
| First born | 0.93 | (0.65 to 1.33) | 0.57* | (0.41 to 0.78) | 0.87 | (0.48 to 1.56) | 0.73* | (0.590.91) | 0.73* | (0.59 to 0.91) |
| Child is a twin | ||||||||||
| No (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 5.04* | (2.99 to 8.49) | 4.77* | (2.78 to 8.20) | 6.22* | (2.79 to 13.89) | 5.04* | (3.58 to 7.09) | 4.93* | (3.51 to 6.92) |
| No of family members | ||||||||||
| 1–2 members | 8.71* | (4.57 to 16.61) | 4.41* | (2.37 to 8.21) | 4.49* | (1.87 to 10.78) | 5.70* | (3.81 to 8.52) | 5.25* | (3.59 to 7.68) |
| 3–5 members | 3.04* | (2.37 to 3.89) | 1.78* | (1.36 to 2.33) | 2.00* | (1.28 to 3.14) | 2.30* | (1.94 to 2.73) | 2.15* | (1.81 to 2.54) |
| 5+ (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Modern contraceptive use at time of survey | ||||||||||
| Yes (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| No | 1.54* | (1.03 to 2.32) | 1.37* | (1.08 to 1.75) | 2.31* | (1.58 to 3.39) | 1.61* | (1.34 to 1.94) | 1.66* | (1.38 to 1.99) |
| Residence | ||||||||||
| Urban (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Rural | 1.54* | (1.09 to 2.18) | 1.35 | (0.89 to 2.03) | 0.99 | (0.55 to 1.81) | 1.39* | (1.09 to 1.78) | 1.47* | (1.18 to 1.84) |
| Source of drinking water | ||||||||||
| Nor improved (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Improved | 0.92 | (0.70 to 1.22) | 0.92 | (0.72 to 1.18) | 1.09 | (0.75 to 1.60) | 0.95 | (0.80 to 1.13) | ||
| Available treated bed net at household | ||||||||||
| No (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Yes | 1.05 | (0.78 to 1.43) | 1.06 | (0.80 to 1.40) | 0.91 | (0.63 to 1.32) | 1.01 | (0.85 to 1.21) | ||
*P<0.05.
AOR, adjusted OR; DHS, Demographic and Health Survey.