Adjusted associations between potential risk factors and IPV, CM and the co-occurrence of both types of violence
| Level | Variable | Only IPV | Only CM | Co-occurrence |
| PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | ||
| 1 | Neighbourhood violence score | P=0.004 | P=0.395 | P=0.005 |
| 0–2 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
| 3–7 | 1.2 (1.0 to 1.3) | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.6) | 1.5 (1.1 to 2.1) | |
| 8–12 | 1.4 (1.1 to 1.8) | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.8) | 1.9 (1.2 to 3.1) | |
| 2 | Paternal age (years) | P=0.669 | P=0.327 | P=0.115 |
| <20 | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.6) | 1.6 (0.8 to 3.0) | 0.5 (0.2 to 1.1) | |
| 20–34 | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.2) | 1.4 (0.9 to 1.8) | 0.7 (0.5 to 1.0) | |
| ≥35 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
| Maternal age (years) | P=0.894 | P=0.396 | P=0.003 | |
| <20 | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.3) | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.8) | 2.8 (1.5 to 5.4) | |
| 20–34 | 0.9 (0.8 to 1.2) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.2) | 1.5 (0.9 to 2.7) | |
| ≥35 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
| 3 | Maternal education (years) | P=0.932 | P=0.005 | P=0.19 |
| 0–4 | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.2) | 2.5 (1.3 to 4.3) | 1.7 (0.9 to 3.4) | |
| 5–8 | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.3) | 1.3 (0.8 to 2.1) | 1.4 (0.8 to 2.4) | |
| 9–11 | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.2) | 1.3 (0.8 to 1.9) | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.5) | |
| 12 or more | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
| Paternal education (years) | P=0.021 | P=0.765 | P=0.858 | |
| 0–4 | 1.3 (0.9 to 1.7) | 0.9 (0.5 to 1.6) | 1.1 (0.6 to 2.1) | |
| 5–8 | 1.4 (1.1 to 1.8) | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.5) | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.8) | |
| 9–11 | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.4) | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.7) | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.4) | |
| 12 or more | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
| 4 | Family income (quintiles) | P<0.001 | P=0.055 | P=0.915 |
| Q1 (poorest) | 1.7 (1.3 to 2.2) | 1.1 (0.6 to 2.0) | 1.4 (0.7 to 2.7) | |
| Q2 | 1.3 (1.0 to 1.8) | 1.8 (1.1 to 3.1) | 1.3 (0.7 to 2.5) | |
| Q3 | 1.3 (1.0 to 1.7) | 1.2 (0.7 to 2.2) | 1.2 (0.6 to 2.2) | |
| Q4 | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.4) | 1.2 (0.7 to 2.0) | 1.1 (0.6 to 2.0) | |
| Q5 (richest) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
| 5 | Father antisocial behaviour | P<0.001 | P=0.019 | P<0.001 |
| Yes | 2.4 (2.1 to 2.8) | 1.5 (1.1 to 2.0) | 3.9 (2.9 to 5.5) | |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
| 6 | Father lives with child | P=0.048 | P=<0.001 | P=0.038 |
| No father at home | 1.2 (1.0 to 1.4) | 2.1 (1.4 to 2.9) | 1.4 (1.0 to 2.2) | |
| Social father at home | 0.7 (0.5 to 1.1) | 3.5 (2.3 to 5.4) | 2.0 (1.1 to 3.8) | |
| Biological father at home | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
| 7a | Mother–partner relationship | P<0.001 | P<0.001 | P=0.013 |
| Low criticism | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
| Low-to-medium criticism | 1.5 (1.2 to 1.8) | 1.5 (1.2 to 1.8) | 1.7 (1.1 to 2.7) | |
| Medium-to-high criticism | 1.9 (1.5 to 2.2) | 1.9 (1.5 to 2.3) | 1.8 (1.1 to 2.8) | |
| 7b | Maternal depression | P<0.001 | P=0.007 | P<0.001 |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
| Yes | 1.5 (1.2 to 1.8) | 1.7 (1.2 to 2.5) | 2.4 (1.6 to 3.6) | |
| 7c | Maternal use of alcohol | P=0.109 | P=0.109 | P=0.671 |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
| Yes | 0.4 (0.2 to 1.2) | 2.1 (0.8 to 5.4) | 1.3 (0.4 to 4.2) | |
| 7d | Maternal use of illicit drugs | P=0.065 | P=0.521 | P=0.339 |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
| Yes | 1.3 (0.9 to 1.8) | 1.2 (0.6 to 2.3) | 1.4 (0.7 to 2.6) |
Variables are adjusted for variables in all previous levels as well as other variables in the same level—except for variables in the seventh level, which are not adjusted for each other.
For each of the three outcome variables, the reference group is the rest of the sample (eg, for the only IPV outcome variable, the reference group includes those experiencing no violence, only CM and co-occurrence).
Co-occurrence of IPV and CM.
CM, child maltreatment; IPV, intimate partner violence against women; PR, prevalence ratio.