Total N | % only IPV | % only CM | % co-occurrence | |
Neighbourhood violence | P=0.005 | P=0.394 | P=0.005 | |
0–2 | 2057 | 16.7 | 5.4 | 3.7 |
3–7 | 1196 | 19.3 | 6.6 | 5.6 |
8–12 | 279 | 24.0 | 6.1 | 7.2 |
Family income (quintiles) | P<0.001 | P=0.078 | P=0.035 | |
Q1 (poorest) | 659 | 24.0 | 5.9 | 6.2 |
Q2 | 741 | 18.9 | 7.8 | 5.5 |
Q3 | 716 | 18.9 | 5.9 | 4.5 |
Q4 | 721 | 15.8 | 5.4 | 3.6 |
Q5 (richest) | 694 | 13.5 | 4.3 | 3.2 |
Maternal education (years) | P=0.154 | P=0.001 | P=0.001 | |
0–4 | 298 | 19.8 | 10.7 | 7.1 |
5–8 | 893 | 19.8 | 5.6 | 6.5 |
9–11 | 1244 | 18.3 | 6.2 | 3.7 |
12 or more | 1097 | 16.1 | 4.5 | 3.5 |
Maternal age (years) | P=0.839 | P=0.135 | P=0.032 | |
<20 | 499 | 18.6 | 7.8 | 6.6 |
20–34 | 2524 | 17.9 | 5.5 | 4.5 |
≥35 | 509 | 18.9 | 5.9 | 3.1 |
Paternal education (years) | P=0.001 | P=0.488 | P=0.036 | |
0–4 | 445 | 19.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 |
5–8 | 966 | 22.1 | 5.7 | 5.2 |
9–11 | 1089 | 17.5 | 6.0 | 3.6 |
≥12 | 854 | 14.9 | 4.6 | 3.5 |
Paternal age (years) | P=0.644 | P=0.118 | P=0.862 | |
<20 | 194 | 20.6 | 8.8 | 4.6 |
20–34 | 2360 | 17.9 | 6.0 | 4.4 |
≥35 | 939 | 18.2 | 5.0 | 4.8 |
Father lives with child | P<0.001 | P<0.001 | P<0.001 | |
No father at home | 717 | 24.9 | 9.5 | 8.4 |
Social father at home | 187 | 13.9 | 17.1 | 8.6 |
Biological father at home | 2627 | 16.3 | 4.1 | 3.3 |
Father antisocial behaviour | P<0.001 | P=0.003 | P<0.001 | |
Yes | 683 | 35.0 | 8.4 | 11.6 |
No | 2789 | 13.9 | 5.2 | 2.8 |
Mother–partner relationship | P<0.001 | P=0.005 | P<0.001 | |
Low criticism | 1975 | 14.1 | 4.0 | 2.8 |
Low-to-medium criticism | 596 | 23.3 | 6.2 | 6.0 |
Medium-to-high criticism | 426 | 29.8 | 7.3 | 6.8 |
Maternal depression | P<0.001 | P=0.001 | P<0.001 | |
No | 3113 | 17.0 | 5.3 | 3.7 |
Yes | 361 | 27.4 | 10.0 | 11.6 |
Daily maternal use of alcohol | P=0.821 | P=0.125 | P=0.420 | |
No | 2805 | 19.2 | 5.6 | 5.2 |
Yes | 34 | 17.7 | 11.8 | 8.8 |
Maternal use of illicit drugs | P<0.001 | P=0.167 | P=0.075 | |
No | 3409 | 17.7 | 5.8 | 4.5 |
Yes | 123 | 30.9 | 8.9 | 8.1 |
Wald test p value.
Row percentages.
All variables have <5% missing data, except daily maternal use of alcohol (20%) and mother–partner relationship (17.5%).
Co-occurrence of any IPV and CM.
CM, child maltreatment; IPV, intimate partner violence against mother.