Table 1

Analysis of countries and relevant characteristics

Country	Poverty rate* (%)	Unemployment rate† (%)	Informal employment rate‡ (%)	Characteristics of the country’s publicly owned insurance scheme
Country	Poverty rate* (%)	Unemployment rate† (%)	Informal employment rate‡ (%)	Revenue source/contribution mechanism	Population eligible for enrolment
Angola	30.1	7.3	42.1	No publicly owned insurer
Benin	49.5	1.0	53.4	Member contributions Taxes on tobacco and alcohol Government contributions as an employer	Government employees Private sector formal workers Informal sector workers
Burkina Faso	40.1	3.0	18.0	Member contributions	Formal sector Elderly and people with disability
Burundi	64.6	1.6	10.0	Member contributions General revenue allocation	Government employees Informal sector workers
Cameroon	37.5	4.5	91.0	No publicly owned insurer
Chad	38.1	1.1	66.3
Comoros	18.0	20.1	30.0
Congo	46.5	11.4	–
Congo Democratic Republic	63.9	3.6	98.6
Cote d'Ivoire	46.3	9.2	92.8	Member contributions Government contributions as an employer	All population: Government employees Private sector formal workers Informal sector workers The poor
Eswatini	63.0	25.7	17.7	No publicly owned insurer
Ethiopia	29.6	5.4	46.7	Member contribution Government contributions as an employer	Government employees Private sector formal employees
Gabon	32.7	18.5	38.0	General revenue allocation 10% tax on mobile phones Compulsory levy called the Special Solidarity Contribution Member contributions	Government employees Private sector formal workers Informal sector workers The poor
Gambia	24.2	29.8	76.5	No publicly owned insurer
Ghana	48.4	5.8	92.1	2.5% VAT Member contribution Government revenue allocation An earmarked portion of social security taxes from formal sector workers	Government employees Private sector formal workers Informal sector workers The poor
Guinea	36.1	4.5	77.6	No publicly owned insurer
Kenya	36.1	11.0	77.9	Member contributions Government contributions as an employer Government revenue allocation	Government employees Private sector formal workers Informal sector workers The poor
Lesotho	57.1	29.2	34.9	No publicly owned insurer
Liberia	63.8	4.0	86.7	Member contributions Employer contributions Government contributions as an employer	Government employees Private sector formal employees
Madagascar	70.7	2.4	12.0	No publicly owned insurer
Malawi	50.7	6.7	89.0	No publicly owned insurer
Mali	43.6	9.7	42.6	Member contribution Government revenue allocation Government contributions as an employer	Government employees Private sector formal employees The poor
Mozambique	46.1	24.5	95.7	General revenue allocation Donor funding	All population: Government employees Private sector formal workers Informal sector workers The poor
Namibia	28.7	22.3	67.0	Government contributions as an employer Member contributions	Government employees
Niger	46.0	2.6	95.4	Government contributions as an employer Member contributions	Government employees
Nigeria	44.5	5.5	–	Member contributions Employer contributions Government contributions as an employer	All population: Government employees Private sector formal workers Informal sector workers The poor
Rwanda	39.1	2.6	73.4	Member contribution Employer contribution General government revenue allocation Donor funding	All population: Government employees Private sector formal workers Informal sector workers The poor
Sao Tome and Principe	66.2	13.7	73.0	No publicly owned insurer
Senegal	46.7	9.5	93.4	Member contribution General government revenue allocation	Government employees and retirees
Sierra Leone	52.9	2.8	9.0	Member contribution Employer contribution	Government employees Private sector formal workers
South Africa	18.8	27.6	27.1	Government taxes
Tanzania	28.2	2.7	90.8	Member contribution Employer contribution	Government employees Private sector formal employees Informal sector workers
Togo	55.1	6.2	84.0	Member contribution Government contributions as an employer Employer contribution	Government employees Private sector formal employees
Uganda	19.5	2.3	91.7	No publicly owned insurer
Zambia	54.4	7.4	74.4	No publicly owned insurer
Zimbabwe	72.3	5.3	85.6	Member contribution Government contributions as an employer	Government employees

*Poverty rate refers to the proportion of the population who lives below the international poverty line, that is, US$1.90 per day. This was obtained from the World Bank (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?end=2017&start=2017&view=bar).
†Unemployment rate refers to the proportion of individuals in the labour force who do not have any form of employment. This was obtained from the World Bank (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.NE.ZS).
‡Informality rate refers to the proportion of employed individuals in a country whose employment is in the informal sector of the economy—this was computed from DHS data.
DHS, Demographic and Health Surveys; VAT, value-added tax.