Any type of health insurance | National/public health insurance | Private or employer-provided health insurance | Community-based health insurance | |||||||||
SII | Q5/Q1 | CIX (95% CI) | SII | Q5/Q1 | CIX (95% CI) | SII | Q5/Q1 | CIX (95% CI) | SII | Q5/Q1 | CIX (95% CI) | |
Zambia | 0.223*** (0.195 to 0.250) | – | 0.80*** (0.75 to 0.84) | 0.002* (0.000 to 0.004) | – | 0.63** (0.25 to 1.00) | 0.193*** (0.066 to 0.219) | – | 0.80*** (0.75 to 0.84 | – | – | 0.85*** (0.69 to 1.00) |
Malawi | 0.105*** (0.089 to 0.121) | 56.08 | 0.80*** (0.53 to 1.07) | – | – | – | 0.105*** (0.088 to 0.121) | 110.67 | 0.82*** (0.54 to 1.08) | – | – | – |
Niger | 0.402*** (0.327 to 0.478) | 38.47 | 0.79*** (0.63 to 0.95) | 0.039*** (0.016 to 0.061) | – | 0.75*** (0.48 to 1.02) | – | – | 0.92*** (0.67 to 1.17) | 0.065*** (0.033 to 0.097) | – | 0.78*** (0.51 to 1.05) |
Burkina Faso | 0.052*** (0.038 to 0.067) | 36.38 | 0.73*** (0.55 to 0.91) | 0.015** (0.004 to 0.026) | – | 0.79 (0.40 to 1.18) | – | – | 0.86*** (0.57 to 1.15) | 0.016*** (0.010 to 0.023) | 13.88 | 0.70*** (0.45 to 0.95) |
Guinea | 0.102*** (0.081 to 0.123) | 47.73 | 0.72*** (0.47 to 0.97) | – | – | 0.82** (0.36 to 1.29) | 0.085*** (0.066 to 0.105) | 59.85 | 0.71*** (0.42 to 0.98) | 0.007* (0.001 to 0.012) | 13.31 | 0.75** (0.20 to 1.30) |
Madagascar | 0.305*** (0.271 to 0.338) | 42.90 | 0.72*** (0.60 to 0.84) | 0.014* (0.004 to 0.023) | – | 0.74*** (0.32 to 1.15) | 0.240*** (0.006 to 0.375) | 36.85 | 0.73*** (0.59 to 0.87) | 0.072*** (0.053 to 0.092) | – | 0.73*** (0.48 to 0.98) |
Zimbabwe | 0.540*** (0.519 to 0.560) | 140.54 | 0.71*** (0.69 to 0.73) | 0.020*** (0.012 to 0.028) | – | 0.60*** (0.44 to 0.76) | 0.477*** (0.056 to 0.598) | 174.29 | 0.70*** (0.68 to 0.72) | 0.070*** (0.056 to 0.085) | 34.50 | 0.61*** (0.53 to 0.69 |
Chad | 0.062*** (0.043 to 0.080) | – | 0.71*** (0.52 to 0.90) | – | – | 0.97* (0.10 to 1.84) | 0.045*** (0.027 to 0.062) | – | 0.75 (0.50 to 1.00) | 0.011*** (0.004 to 0.018) | – | 0.52 (0.22 to 0.82) |
Nigeria | 0.135*** (0.125 to 0.145) | 348.00 | 0.67*** (0.57 to 0.77) | 0.002** (0.001 to 0.003) | – | 0.54 (−0.17 to 1.25) | 0.124*** (0.014 to 0.134) | – | 0.70*** (0.58 to 0.82) | 0.013*** (0.010 to 0.016) | – | 0.56*** (0.31 to 0.81) |
Cote d'Ivoire | 0.169*** (0.148 to 0.190) | 83.88 | 0.66*** (0.50 to 0.82) | 0.019*** (0.008 to 0.031) | – | 0.74** (0.31 to 1.17) | 0.062*** (0.049 to 0.174) | 45.50 | 0.55*** (0.43 to 0.67) | 0.118*** (0.096 to 0.140) | – | 0.75*** (0.48 to 1.02) |
Benin | 0.071*** (0.058 to 0.085) | 54.57 | 0.65*** (0.52 to 0.80) | 0.010** (0.004 to 0.016) | – | 0.79 (0.58 to 0.99) | 0.075*** (0.056 to 0.094) | 74.00 | 0.75*** (0.58 to 0.93) | 0.005*** (0.003 to 0.008) | 13.33 | 0.31** (0.08 to 0.53) |
Lesotho | 0.094*** (0.073 to 0.116) | – | 0.66*** (0.50 to 0.82) | – | – | – | 0.071*** (0.051 to 0.091) | – | 0.67*** (0.51 to 0.83) | 0.019** (0.006 to 0.033) | – | 0.72*** (0.35 to 1.09) |
Mali | 0.265*** (0.238 to 0.292) | 10.44 | 0.65*** (0.51 to 0.79) | 0.014** (0.004 to 0.023) | 111.80 | 0.75*** (0.52 to 0.99) | 0.085*** (0.066 to 0.204) | – | 0.59*** (0.39 to 0.79) | 0.141*** (0.117 to 0.165) | 9.31 | 0.63*** (0.48 to 0.78) |
Namibia | 0.574*** (0.553 to 0.595) | 30.46 | 0.63*** (0.57 to 0.69) | 0.116*** (0.101 to 0.131) | 17.14 | 0.35*** (0.27 to 0.43) | 0.499*** (0.076 to 0.522) | 36.76 | 0.64*** (0.58 to 0.70) | – | – | – |
South Africa | 0.441*** (0.409 to 0.473) | 19.99 | 0.63*** (0.60 to 0.66) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Cameroon | 0.136*** (0.120 to 0.152) | – | 0.63*** (0.54 to 0.71) | 0.033*** (0.024 to 0.043) | – | 0.65*** (0.48 to 0.82) | 0.089*** (0.076 to 0.102) | – | 0.64*** (0.53 to 0.74) | 0.024*** (0.016 to 0.032) | – | 0.60*** (0.37 to 0.83) |
Eswatini | 0.316*** (0.283 to 0.349) | 13.30 | 0.63*** (0.59 to 0.67) | – | – | – | 0.127*** (0.004 to 0.351) | 11.04 | 0.50*** (0.42 to 0.58) | – | – | – |
Congo Democratic Republic | 0.193*** (0.175 to 0.210) | 16.33 | 0.63*** (0.53 to 0.73) | 0.002* (0.000 to 0.004) | – | 0.75** (0.20 to 1.30) | 0.199*** (0.078 to 0.120) | 31.25 | 0.71*** (0.59 to 0.83) | 0.019*** (0.013 to 0.024) | 4.64 | 0.34*** (0.18 to 0.50) |
Sierra Leone | 0.061*** (0.050 to 0.071) | 17.41 | 0.55*** (0.49 to 0.61) | 0.016*** (0.011 to 0.021) | – | 0.60*** (0.46 to 0.74) | 0.041*** (0.033 to 0.050) | 24.20 | 0.60*** (0.52 to 0.68) | 0.008*** (0.004 to 0.012) | 5.36 | 0.33*** (0.21 to 0.45) |
Uganda | 0.052*** (0.043 to 0.062) | 20.26 | 0.54*** (0.48 to 0.60) | 0.003 (0.000 to 0.006) | – | 0.61*** (0.16 to 1.06) | 0.055*** (0.043 to 0.068) | 30.64 | 0.70*** (0.62 to 0.78) | 0.005*** (0.002 to 0.008) | 5.43 | 0.12* (0.00 to 0.24) |
Gambia | 0.109*** (0.090 to 0.127) | 28.96 | 0.54*** (0.42 to 0.67) | – | – | – | 0.111*** (0.092 to 0.130) | 45.79 | 0.56*** (0.44 to 0.68) | – | – | – |
Senegal | 0.171*** (0.156 to 0.187) | 12.71 | 0.49*** (0.45 to 0.53) | 0.018*** (0.012 to 0.024) | 40.25 | 0.55*** (0.45 to 0.65) | 0.053*** (0.043 to 0.162) | 21.83 | 0.55*** (0.49 to 0.61) | 0.052*** (0.043 to 0.061) | 12.55 | 0.43*** (0.37 to 0.49) |
Kenya | 0.448*** (0.433 to 0.464) | 12.44 | 0.49*** (0.45 to 0.53) | 0.362*** (0.346 to 0.377) | 12.34 | 0.44*** (0.40 to 0.48) | 0.127*** (0.013 to 0.440) | 24.38 | 0.59*** (0.49 to 0.69) | 0.007*** (0.004 to 0.010) | 4.09 | 0.30** (0.10 to 0.50) |
Togo | 0.150*** (0.132 to 0.169) | 8.24 | 0.48*** (0.44 to 0.52) | 0.009** (0.004 to 0.015) | – | 0.69*** (0.45 to 0.93) | 0.080*** (0.059 to 0.101) | 52.00 | 0.72*** (0.64 to 0.80) | (−0.011*** (-0.016 to −0.005) | 0.33 | −0.25*** (−0.39 to −0.11) |
Mozambique | 0.090*** (0.076 to 0.104) | 6.99 | 0.48*** (0.38 to 0.58) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Congo | 0.070*** (0.057 to 0.082) | 8.66 | 0.47*** (0.35 to 0.59) | 0.009** (0.003 to 0.015) | 26.67 | 0.62** (0.23 to 1.01) | 0.065*** (0.052 to 0.078) | 49.08 | 0.58*** (0.44 to 0.72) | 0.010** (0.003 to 0.016) | 2.17 | 0.20* (0.00 to 0.40) |
Comoros | 0.146*** (0.123 to 0.170) | 8.81 | 0.45*** (0.33 to 0.57) | 0.008* (0.002 to 0.015) | – | 0.56* (0.01 to 1.11) | 0.076*** (0.058 to 0.194) | 6.89 | 0.42*** (0.28 to 0.56) | 0.057*** (0.042 to 0.073) | 9.33 | 0.43*** (0.25 to 0.61) |
Angola | 0.103*** (0.090 to 0.116) | 10.15 | 0.44*** (0.35 to 0.53) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Liberia | 0.176*** (0.156 to 0.195) | 14.68 | 0.42*** (0.29 to 0.55) | 0.010*** (0.005 to 0.015) | 23.00 | 0.39 (−0.002 to 0.78) | 0.164*** (0.045 to 0.183) | 17.41 | 0.40*** (0.26 to 0.54) | 0.010 (−0.002 to 0.023) | – | 0.72* (0.07 to 1.37) |
Sao Tome and Principe | 0.046*** (0.026 to 0.066) | 6.51 | 0.39*** (0.27 to 0.51) | 0.006 (−0.002 to 0.014) | 3.67 | 0.38** (0.09 to 0.67) | 0.038*** (0.019 to 0.058) | 7.10 | 0.51*** (0.35 to 0.67) | 0.003 (−0.005 to 0.010) | 6.55 | 0.20 (−0.02 to 0.42) |
Rwanda | 0.329*** (0.304 to 0.353) | 1.40 | 0.34*** (0.03 to 0.38) | 0.366*** (0.335 to 0.396) | 470.50 | 0.73*** (0.65 to 0.81) | – | – | 0.89*** (0.62 to 1.16) | 0.237*** (0.211 to 0.264) | 1.29 | 0.24*** (0.20 to 0.28) |
Tanzania | 0.130*** (0.114 to 0.146) | 3.65 | 0.29*** (0.25 to 0.33) | 0.016*** (0.009 to 0.022) | 4.02 | 0.17*** (0.09 to 0.25) | 0.138*** (0.019 to 0.157) | 52.81 | 0.66*** (0.60 to 0.72) | 0.013** (0.003 to 0.024) | 1.25 | 0.04* (0.01 to 0.08) |
Burundi | 0.301*** (0.283 to 0.319) | 2.91 | 0.26*** (0.22 to 0.30) | – | – | – | 0.031*** (0.016 to 0.046) | 1.23 | 0.05** (−0.34 to 0.44) | 0.421*** (0.396 to 0.446) | 99.16 | 0.74*** (0.64 to 0.84) |
Ethiopia | 0.045*** (0.037 to 0.053) | 1.93 | 0.10** (0.04 to 0.16) | 0.004** (0.001 to 0.007) | 1.85 | 0.11 (−0.03 to 0.25) | 0.088*** (0.066 to 0.009) | 49.75 | 0.76*** (0.58 to 0.94) | −0.004 (0.009 to 0.002) | 1.09 | −0.003 (−0.08 to 0.08) |
Ghana | 0.075*** (0.047 to 0.103) | 1.10 | 0.07** (0.03 to 0.11) | 0.061*** (0.033 to 0.090) | 1.08 | 0.06* (0.02 to 0.10) | 0.050*** (0.035 to 0.065) | – | 0.72*** (0.37 to 1.07) | 0.001 (−0.001 to 0.003) | – | 0.62 (−0.20 to 1.44) |
Gabon | −0.214*** (−0.243 to −0.185) | 0.88 | 0.00 (−0.04 to 0.04) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
Overall | 0.11*** (0.11 to 0.11) | 4.44 | 0.38*** (0.35 to 0.) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
***P<0.001; **p<0.01; *p<0.05.
– means data are unavailable or zero value among poorest; Q1 poorest quintile; Q5 richest quintile.
SSA, sub-Saharan Africa.