Characteristics | Children under 5 years of age who had symptoms of ARI | Children of age under 5 years who took antibiotic for symptoms of ARI | |||||
No of children who had symptoms of ARI | Percentage of children who had symptoms of ARI | No of children who received antibiotics | Percentage of children who received antibiotics | Prevalence of receiving antibiotic | 95% CI | P value | |
Overall | 2146 | 100 | 829 | 100 | 38.7 | (35.4 to 42.0) | |
Age of mother (year) | |||||||
Median (IQR: 25th, 75th) | 24 (21–29) | 25 (21–30) | |||||
15–19 | 336 | 15.7 | 125 | 15.1 | 37.1 | (31.4 to 43.2) | 0.756 |
20–24 | 762 | 35.5 | 283 | 34.2 | 37.2 | (32.7 to 41.9) | |
25–29 | 541 | 25.2 | 207 | 25.0 | 38.3 | (32.7 to 44.3) | |
30–34 | 351 | 16.4 | 146 | 17.6 | 41.5 | (32.6 to 51.0) | |
35–39 | 118 | 5.5 | 51 | 6.2 | 43.6 | (31.4 to 56.6) | |
40–44 | 24 | 1.1 | 12 | 1.5 | 52.4 | (31.9 to 72.1) | |
45–49 | 14 | 0.7 | 4 | 0.5 | 31.6 | (10.3 to 64.8) | |
Age of father (year) | |||||||
Median (IQR: 25th, 75th) | 32 (28–38) | 32 (28–39) | |||||
≤24 | 124 | 5.8 | 46 | 5.5 | 37.0 | (28.1 to 46.9) | 0.181 |
25–29 | 519 | 24.2 | 180 | 21.7 | 34.7 | (29.6 to 40.3) | |
30–34 | 490 | 22.8 | 177 | 21.3 | 36.0 | (31.0 to 41.4) | |
35–39 | 502 | 23.4 | 212 | 25.5 | 42.2 | (35.2 to 49.5) | |
40–44 | 268 | 12.5 | 100 | 12.1 | 37.4 | (30.9 to 44.3) | |
45–49 | 136 | 6.3 | 65 | 7.8 | 47.6 | (34.0 to 61.7) | |
50–54 | 52 | 2.4 | 21 | 2.6 | 40.9 | (26.7 to 56.7) | |
≥55 | 55 | 2.6 | 29 | 3.5 | 52.5 | (39.3 to 65.3) | |
Age of child (months) | |||||||
Median (IQR: 25th, 75th) | 27(13–42) | 29 (14–43) | |||||
<6 | 178 | 8.3 | 64 | 7.7 | 36.0 | (26.2 to 47.2) | 0.254 |
6–11 | 308 | 14.3 | 95 | 11.5 | 31.0 | (24.3 to 38.5) | |
12–23 | 482 | 22.5 | 180 | 21.7 | 37.3 | (32.2 to 42.6) | |
24–35 | 414 | 19.3 | 161 | 19.4 | 38.9 | (33.0 to 45.1) | |
36–47 | 405 | 18.9 | 173 | 20.8 | 42.6 | (36.5 to 48.9) | |
48–59 | 357 | 16.7 | 157 | 18.9 | 43.9 | (33.0 to 55.4) | |
Sex of child | |||||||
Male | 1133 | 52.8 | 425 | 51.3 | 37.5 | (33.4 to 41.8) | 0.425 |
Female | 1012 | 47.2 | 404 | 48.7 | 39.9 | (35.4 to 44.6) | |
Place of residence | |||||||
Urban | 520 | 24.2 | 163 | 19.6 | 31.3 | (26.3 to 36.8) | 0.006 |
Rural | 1625 | 75.8 | 666 | 80.4 | 41.0 | (37.2 to 44.9) | |
Wealth index | |||||||
Poorest | 502 | 23.4 | 203 | 24.5 | 40.5 | (34.8 to 46.5) | 0.459 |
Poorer | 390 | 18.2 | 163 | 19.6 | 41.6 | (35.0 to 48.6) | |
Middle | 466 | 21.7 | 186 | 22.5 | 40.0 | (33.1 to 47.2) | |
Richer | 412 | 19.2 | 147 | 17.8 | 35.8 | (29.9 to 42.1) | |
Richest | 375 | 17.5 | 129 | 15.6 | 34.5 | (28.3 to 41.2) | |
Divisions | |||||||
Barisal | 138 | 6.4 | 57 | 6.8 | 41.0 | (33.0 to 49.5) | 0.070 |
Chittagong | 506 | 23.6 | 171 | 20.6 | 33.8 | (28.3 to 39.8) | |
Dhaka | 657 | 30.6 | 247 | 29.8 | 37.6 | (31.5 to 44.1) | |
Khulna | 138 | 6.4 | 47 | 5.6 | 33.8 | (26.5 to 42.0) | |
Rajshahi | 216 | 10.1 | 83 | 10.1 | 38.5 | (32.0 to 45.5) | |
Rangpur | 232 | 10.8 | 94 | 11.4 | 40.7 | (34.0 to 47.8) | |
Sylhet | 258 | 12 | 130 | 15.7 | 50.4 | (38.6 to 62.1) | |
Father education | |||||||
No education | 572 | 26.7 | 221 | 26.6 | 38.6 | (31.2 to 46.5) | 0.547 |
Primary | 653 | 30.5 | 274 | 33.1 | 42.0 | (34.9 to 49.5) | |
Secondary | 637 | 29.7 | 235 | 28.3 | 36.8 | (32.5 to 41.5) | |
Higher | 281 | 13.1 | 99 | 12.0 | 35.3 | (28.8 to 42.5) | |
Father occupation | |||||||
Agriculture | 557 | 26 | 224 | 27.0 | 40.2 | (34.7 to 45.9) | 0.868 |
Unskilled and semiskilled worker | 982 | 45.8 | 377 | 45.4 | 38.4 | (33.8 to 43.2) | |
Professional work | 112 | 5.2 | 42 | 5.0 | 37.4 | (28.2 to 47.5) | |
Businessmen | 443 | 20.7 | 171 | 20.6 | 38.7 | (32.6 to 45.1) | |
Others | 50 | 2.3 | 16 | 1.9 | 31.8 | (21.0 to 45.0) | |
Mother education | |||||||
No education | 367 | 17.1 | 144 | 17.3 | 39.2 | (30.9 to 48.1) | 0.853 |
Primary | 650 | 30.3 | 262 | 31.6 | 40.3 | (34.4 to 46.4) | |
Secondary | 939 | 43.8 | 355 | 42.8 | 37.8 | (33.6 to 42.1) | |
Higher | 190 | 8.9 | 69 | 8.3 | 36.2 | (28.2 to 45.1) | |
Mother occupation | |||||||
Not working | 1588 | 74.0 | 615 | 74.2 | 38.7 | (34.8 to 42.8) | 0.902 |
Working | 557 | 26.0 | 214 | 25.8 | 38.4 | (33.8 to 43.2) | |
Child malnutrition status | |||||||
Stunted | |||||||
Severe | 263 | 87 | 98 | 12.4 | 37.1 | (28.6 to 46.6) | 0.746 |
Moderate | 538 | 254 | 219 | 27.9 | 40.7 | (34.6 to 47.0) | |
Well Nourished | 1217 | 1677 | 469 | 59.7 | 38.5 | (34.6 to 42.7) | |
Wasted | |||||||
Severe | 204 | 10.1 | 20 | 2.5 | 22.7 | (13.1 to 36.3) | 0.048 |
Moderate | 528 | 26.1 | 105 | 13.4 | 41.2 | (33.9 to 49.0) | |
Well Nourished | 1286 | 63.7 | 661 | 84.1 | 39.4 | (35.9 to 43.1) | |
Underweight | |||||||
Severe | 204 | 10.1 | 74 | 9.4 | 36.2 | (25.0 to 49.1) | 0.813 |
Moderate | 528 | 26.1 | 210 | 26.7 | 39.8 | (35.0 to 44.9) | |
Well Nourished | 1286 | 63.7 | 502 | 63.8 | 39.0 | (35.0 to 43.1) | |
Drug prescribed | |||||||
Healthcare professional/worker | |||||||
Yes | 733 | 34.1 | 275 | 33.1 | 37.5 | (31.1 to 44.3) | 0.649 |
No | 1413 | 65.9 | 555 | 66.9 | 39.3 | (35.7 to 42.9) | |
Unqualified/traditional practitioner | |||||||
Yes | 970 | 50.8 | 457 | 55.2 | 47.1 | (42.9 to 51.4) | 0.022 |
No | 938 | 49.2 | 371 | 44.8 | 39.5 | (34.0 to 45.2) | |
Drug sources | |||||||
Public sector | |||||||
Yes | 234 | 10.9 | 103 | 12.4 | 43.9 | (36.3 to 51.8) | 0.176 |
No | 1912 | 89.1 | 727 | 87.6 | 38.0 | (34.5 to 41.7) | |
NGO sector | |||||||
Yes | 18 | 0.9 | 11 | 1.3 | 59.6 | (30.2 to 83.4) | 0.147 |
No | 2126 | 99.1 | 818 | 98.7 | 38.5 | (35.4 to 41.7) | |
Private sector | |||||||
Yes | 1511 | 70.7 | 615 | 74.3 | 40.7 | (36.5 to 45.1) | 0.056 |
No | 628 | 29.3 | 213 | 25.7 | 33.9 | (29.1 to 39.1) | |
Others | |||||||
Yes | 90 | 4.2 | 68 | 8.2 | 76.0 | (62.9 to 85.6) | <0.001 |
No | 2055 | 95.8 | 761 | 91.8 | 37.0 | (33.6 to 40.6) |
Bolded Values indicate statistical significance where the p-value is <0.05.
ARIs, acute respiratory infections; BDHS, Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey; NGO, non-governmental organisation.