List of variables and definitions
| Independent variable | Definition |
| Off-budget delivery >25%* | Indicator for proportion of aid that is delivered outside government systems that are greater than 25% |
| Corruption Perception Index (CPI)† | CPI scores measure of the perceived level of corruption in a country’s public sector. Values range from 0 (most corrupt) to 100 (least corrupt)41 |
| Fragile States Index (FSI)‡ | A measure of the risk of conflict and vulnerabilities faced by individual nations. Values range from 0 (least fragile) to 120 (most fragile)42 |
| Proportion of public DAH | The proportion of DAH in a country-year that is from public sources |
| In-Kind DAH >15%* | Indicator for DAH administrative expenses values that are greater than 15% |
| Gross domestic product | Logged GDP per capita for each country-year (GDPpc) |
| Proportion of DAH allocated to health systems strengthening | The proportion of DAH in a country-year that is allocated to health systems strengthening projects (DAH_HSS) |
| Proportion of DAH from non-governmental sources | The proportion of DAH in a country-year that is from non-governmental sources |
| GBD super-region (reference: Central Europe, Eastern Europe and Central Asia) | Countries were classified as belonging to one of 7 super regions as per the Global Burden of Disease Study15 |
| Income level | Countries were classified as belonging to one of the four income levels as designated by the World Bank43 |
*The threshold for off-budget delivery were chosen to be 25% as most NHA expenditure data had between 0% and 25% allocated as off-budget. Similarly, the threshold for administrative expenses (in-kind) was chosen to be 15% as most DAH in this dataset had between 0% and 15% allocated as administrative expenses.
†CPI scores are published by Transparency International.
‡FSI composite scores used here are published by the Fund For Peace.