Factor | Categories | Crude analysis (n=7620) | Multivariable analysis (n=7620) | ||||
OR | 95% CI | Wald p-value | aOR | 95% CI | Wald p value | ||
Health facility | Public sector | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | ||||
Private sector | 1.12 | 0.96 to 1.30 | 0.156 | 1.14 | 0.98 to 1.33 | 0.099 | |
Residence | Rural | 0.72 | 0.60 to 0.87 | 0.001 | 0.96 | 0.78 to 1.17 | 0.684 |
Urban | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | |||||
Household wealth quintile | Poorest | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | ||||
Poorer | 0.84 | 0.68 to 1.02 | 0.083 | 0.95 | 0.77 to 1.18 | 0.653 | |
Middle | 0.77 | 0.61 to 0.98 | 0.033 | 0.95 | 0.74 to 1.22 | 0.688 | |
Richer | 0.84 | 0.68 to 1.05 | 0.125 | 0.87 | 0.68 to 1.13 | 0.300 | |
Richest | 1.39 | 1.10 to 1.76 | 0.006 | 0.98 | 0.73 to 1.31 | 0.880 | |
Geographical zone at survey | Central | 1.04 | 0.83 to 1.32 | 0.718 | 0.77 | 0.61 to 0.97 | 0.024 |
Eastern | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | |||||
Western | 0.47 | 0.38 to 0.58 | 0.000 | 0.40 | 0.32 to 0.49 | 0.000 | |
Northern | 0.98 | 0.76 to 1.27 | 0.895 | 0.93 | 0.72 to 1.19 | 0.549 | |
Maternal age at birth | <20 | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | ||||
20–24.9 | 1.18 | 1.00 to 1.38 | 0.039 | 1.18 | 0.98 to 1.42 | 0.079 | |
25–29.9 | 1.22 | 1.04 to 1.44 | 0.018 | 1.24 | 1.00 to 1.53 | 0.046 | |
30–34.9 | 1.32 | 1.09 to 1.61 | 0.005 | 1.52 | 1.17 to 1.98 | 0.002 | |
35–49.9 | 1.24 | 1.01 to 1.51 | 0.041 | 1.54 | 1.15 to 2.06 | 0.004 | |
Highest level of maternal education at survey | No education | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | ||||
Primary | 0.91 | 0.73 to 1.13 | 0.379 | 0.89 | 0.73 to 1.08 | 0.235 | |
Secondary +higher | 1.28 | 1.03 to 1.61 | 0.029 | 0.94 | 0.74 to 1.18 | 0.582 | |
Marital status at time of survey | Yes | 1.08 | 0.94 to 1.23 | 0.260 | 1.04 | 0.91 to 1.20 | 0.553 |
No not in union | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | |||||
Total persons in residence at time of survey | <4 | 1 (REF) | |||||
four to 5 | 0.93 | 0.79 to 1.09 | 0.379 | ||||
6+ | 0.88 | 0.74 to 1.04 | 0.139 | ||||
Total children<5 in residence at time of survey | 0–1 | 1 (REF) | |||||
2–3 | 0.99 | 0.88 to 1.11 | 0.901 | ||||
4+ | 0.77 | 0.58 to 1.03 | 0.075 | ||||
Religion | Christian | 0.85 | 0.71 to 1.01 | 0.078 | |||
Other | 1 (REF) | ||||||
How much of a problem does getting permission pose to getting to the doctor when sick? | Big problem | 0.85 | 0.68 to 1.07 | 0.160 | |||
Not a big problem | 1.00 | ||||||
Bank account at time of survey? | Yes | 1.77 | 1.46 to 2.15 | 0.000 | 1.26 | 1.03 to 1.54 | 0.027 |
No | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | |||||
Health insurance at time of survey? | Yes | 1.24 | 0.75 to 2.07 | 0.398 | 0.83 | 0.47 to 1.46 | 0.521 |
No | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | |||||
No of ANC attendances at healthcare facilities | None | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | ||||
1–3 visits | 2.43 | 1.55 to 3.83 | 0.000 | 2.18 | 1.39 to 3.42 | 0.001 | |
4+ visits | 2.74 | 1.74 to 4.31 | 0.000 | 2.34 | 1.50 to 3.64 | 0.000 | |
Read a newspaper at time of survey | Yes | 1.89 | 1.60 to 2.22 | 0.000 | 1.38 | 1.15 to 1.65 | 0.000 |
Not at all | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | |||||
Listened to the radio at time of survey | Yes | 1.22 | 1.08 to 1.43 | 0.002 | 1.13 | 0.98 to 1.31 | 0.091 |
Not at all | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | |||||
Watched TV at time of survey | Yes | 1.49 | 1.28 to 1.72 | 0.000 | |||
Not at all | 1 (REF) | ||||||
Use of internet at time of survey | Yes | 2.40 | 1.88 to 3.08 | 0.000 | 1.39 | 1.04 to 1.86 | 0.027 |
Not at all | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | |||||
Mobile phone at time of survey | Yes | 1.24 | 1.10 to 1.41 | 0.000 | 0.96 | 0.84 to 1.09 | 0.501 |
No | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | |||||
Parity | One | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | ||||
Two-three | 0.89 | 0.77 to 1.04 | 0.140 | 0.83 | 0.70 to 0.99 | 0.033 | |
Four-five | 0.95 | 0.79 to 1.13 | 0.547 | 0.83 | 0.66 to 1.04 | 0.110 | |
Six+ | 0.85 | 0.71 to 1.01 | 0.068 | 0.75 | 0.57 to 0.98 | 0.036 | |
Wantedness of last pregnancy at time of pregnancy | Wanted | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | ||||
Unwanted | 0.85 | 0.76 to 0.95 | 0.003 | 0.87 | 0.78 to 0.98 | 0.019 | |
Sex of last baby | Female | 1.06 | 0.95 to 1.20 | 0.255 | 1.10 | 0.98 to 1.24 | 0.116 |
Male | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | |||||
Was baby weighed at birth | Yes | 2.08 | 1.79 to 2.42 | 0.000 | 1.84 | 1.58 to 2.14 | 0.000 |
No | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | |||||
How big did the woman think the baby was at birth | Other | 1 (REF) | |||||
Very small | 0.87 | 0.68 to 1.11 | 0.259 | ||||
Start time of breast feeding | Within an hour | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | ||||
>1 hours | 0.95 | 0.83 to 1.09 | 0.474 | 0.72 | 0.62 to 0.83 | 0.000 | |
Yes-CS | 2.70 | 2.13 to 3.41 | 0.000 | 2.93 | 2.28 to 3.75 | 0.000 | |
Mode of delivery for last birth | No-vaginal | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | ||||
Highest cadre of health professional at birth | Doctor/NPC | 1.56 | 1.32 to 1.84 | 0.000 | |||
Nurse/midwife | 1 (REF) | ||||||
Other/none | 0.64 | 0.43 to 0.96 | 0.03 |
ANC, antenatal care; aOR, adjusted OR; CS, Caesarean section; NPC, non-physician clinician; TV, television.