Results from multivariable logistic regression models fitted for selected programme outcomes and a control outcome: Bihar, 2011–2017
| Covariates | IFHI and TSU phase data in the initial eight programme districts* | TSU phase data in all 38 districts† | ||||||
| Institutional delivery | ANC3+ | EIBF | TV ownership | Institutional delivery | ANC3+ | EIBF | TV ownership | |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | ||||||||
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||||||
| Age | 1.006 (0.997 to 1.016) | 1.018*** (1.008 to 1.028) | 0.991 (0.981 to 1.001) | 1.042*** (1.027 to 1.058) | 1.011*** (1.005 to 1.017) | 1.033*** (1.027 to 1.039) | 0.992* (0.986 to 0.998) | 1.044*** (1.035 to 1.052) |
| Parity | 0.854*** (0.832 to 0.876) | 0.826*** (0.803 to 0.850) | 1.050*** (1.023 to 1.077) | 0.880*** (0.844 to 0.919) | 0.842*** (0.829 to 0.855) | 0.775*** (0.762 to 0.789) | 1.047*** (1.030 to 1.065) | 0.871*** (0.850 to 0.892) |
| Non-Hindu religion (Hindu=ref) | 0.866** (0.788 to 0.952) | 1.162** (1.061 to 1.273) | 0.648*** (0.594 to 0.709) | 0.718*** (0.621 to 0.830) | 0.743*** (0.702 to 0.786) | 1.141*** (1.079 to 1.205) | 0.685*** (0.648 to 0.724) | 0.736*** (0.678 to 0.800) |
| Marginalised caste (other=ref) | 0.703*** (0.655 to 0.754) | 0.737*** (0.685 to 0.794) | 1.128** (1.052 to 1.210) | 0.610*** (0.539 to 0.689) | 0.602*** (0.577 to 0.629) | 0.722*** (0.692 to 0.753) | 1.104*** (1.056 to 1.154) | 0.641*** (0.601 to 0.683) |
| Middle wealth index tertile (high index tertile=ref) Low index tertile | 1.061 (0.985 to 1.142) 1.092* (1.011 to 1.179) | 0.874*** (0.812 to 0.940) 0.927* (0.862 to 0.997) | 1.011 (0.942 to 1.086) 0.970 (0.902 to 1.044) | 0.101*** (0.078 to 131) 1.778*** (1.616 to 1.957) | 1.045 (0.999 to 1.094) 1.031 (0.985 to 1.078) | 0.934** (0.895 to 0.975) 0.960 (0.920 to 1.002) | 1.014 (0.969 to 1.061) 0.951* (0.909 to 0.995) | 0.092*** (0.083 to 0.103) 0.792*** (0.752 to 0.835) |
| Woman’s literacy (no=ref) | 1.624*** (1.507 to 1.751) | 1.704*** (1.595 to 1.821) | 1.000 (0.988 to 1.070) | 2.75*** (2.473 to 3.077) | 1.587*** (1.518 to 1.659) | 1.650*** (1.586 to 1.717) | 0.983 (0.941 to 1.026) | 2.664*** (2.508 to 2.830) |
| Husband’s literacy (no=ref) | 1.224*** (1.145 to 1.309) | 1.384*** (1.290 to 1.477) | 0.968 (0.907 to 1.032) | 2.337*** (2.063 to 2.648) | 1.296*** (1.244 to 1.351) | 1.437*** (1.381 to 1.496) | 1.011 (0.970 to 1.055) | 2.521*** (2.353 to 2.702) |
| Context variables | ||||||||
| Delivered in facility (no=ref) | 2.244*** (2.097 to 2.401) | 2.601*** (2.494 to 2.713) | ||||||
| TSU phase (IFHI=ref) | 1.460*** (1.143 to 1.366) | 2.384*** (2.159 to 2.632) | 1.514*** (1.388 to 1.651) | 1.504*** (1.310 to 1.727) | ||||
| Data round S1 (S4=ref) S2 S3 | 0.82*** (0.775 to 0.868) 0.713*** (0.676 to 0.752) 0.702*** (0.666 to 0.740) | 0.192*** (0.181 to 0.203) 0.687*** (0.655 to 0.720) 0.792*** (0.757 to 0.830) | 0.595*** (0.564 to 0.628) 1.375*** (1.302 to 1.452) 0.791*** (0.752 to 0.833) | 0.573*** (0.532 to 0.618) 0.759*** (0.710 to 0.812) 0.781*** (0.732 to 0.834) | ||||
| IFHI district (no=ref) | 1.230*** (1.095 to 1.380) | 0.838*** (0.757 to 0.926) | 1.089 (0.999 to 1.188) | 0.864** (0.778 to 0.960) | ||||
| Self-help group membership (no=ref) | 1.111*** (1.054 to 1.170) | 1.035 (0.986 to 1.087) | 1.129*** (1.070 to 1.192) | 0.988 (0.919 to 1.063) | ||||
| Frontline health worker (FHW) programme outputs | ||||||||
| 1+ household visits (no visit=ref) | 1.743*** (1.586 to 1.916) | 1.197*** (1.077 to 1.330) | 1.221*** (1.118 to 1.333) | 0.975 (0.841 to 1.130) | ||||
| Interaction term for 1+ FHW visits and programme phase | 0.978 (0.864 to 1.107) | 0.968 (0.853 to 1.099) | 1.352*** (1.201 to 1.522) | 0.961 (0.800 to 1.153) | ||||
| Household visit frequency (no visit=ref) 1st/2nd trimester visits only OR 1 visit in 3rd trimester 2+ visits in 3rd trimester | 1.191*** (1.099 to 1.291) 1.637*** (1.510 to 1.773) | 0.968 (0.898 to 1.043) 1.212*** (1.126 to 1.305) | 1.113*** (1.048 to 1.182) 1.183*** (1.121 to 1.248) | 1.020 (0.919 to 1.131) 0.983 (0.886 to 1.092) | ||||
| High quality of interactions with FHWs (low/average quality=ref) | 1.103* (1.012 to 1.202) | 1.226*** (1.142 to 1.318) | 1.244*** (1.133 to 1.365) | 1.127* (1.012 to 1.254) | ||||
| Outcome-specific advice (not received=ref) Institutional delivery Early initiation of breast feeding | 1.181*** (1.091 to 1.279) | 1.183*** (1.100 to 1.272) | 1.678*** (1.562 to 1.802) | 0.909 (0.821 to 1.006) 1.093 (1.000 to 1.195) | ||||
| Facility factors | ||||||||
| First referral unit facility (primary health centre=ref) District hospital | 1.015 (0.733 to 1.407) 0.997 (0.766 to 1.297) | 1.907*** (1.365 to 2.664) 1.158 (0.888 to 1.570) | 1.018 (0.850 to 1.219) 0.910 (0.776 to 1.069) | 1.744*** (1.349 to 2.254) 1.941*** (1.543 to 2.442) | 1.061 (0.906 to 1.243) 1.202* (1.026 to 1.410) | 1.207** (1.047 to 1.391) 1.198* (1.042 to 1.378) | 0.961 (0.852 to 1.084) 0.854** (0.758 to 0.962) | 1.067 (0.928 to 1.228) 1.278*** (1.114 to 1.465) |
| Clinical staff filled: approved ratio (fully staffed=ref) | 1.020 (0.959 to 1.085) | 1.267*** (1.198 to 1.340) | 1.057 (0.999 to 1.117) | 1.098* (1.019 to 1.183) | 1.060** (1.018 to 1.105) | 1.061*** (1.024 to 1.100) | 0.950** (0.919 to 0.983) | 1.077*** (1.035 to 1.121) |
| Constant | 2.205*** (1.705 to 2.851) | 0.130*** (0.099 to 0.172) | 0.760* (0.599 to 0.965) | 0.0164*** (0.011 to 0.025) | 2.578*** (2.200 to 3.020) | 0.609*** (0.524 to 0.707) | 1.201* (1.030 to 1.400) | 0.060*** (0.049 to 0.074) |
Adjusted ORs are statistically significant at *p<0.05; **p<0.01 or ***p<0.001.
*Models fitted for the four outcomes listed adjusting for programme phase (TSU vs IFHI used as reference), for all the other factors shown, and for clustering at the block level using only data from the initial eight programme districts.
†Models fitted for the four outcomes listed adjusting for TSU programme phase (S1–S3 vs S4 used as reference), for all the other factors shown, and for clustering at the block level using only TSU phase data for all 38 districts.
ANC, antenatal care; EIBF, early initiation of breast feeding; IFHI, Integrated Family Health Initiative; S1–S4, data round during TSU phase; TSU, Technical Support Unit.