Quantitative studies | |||||||
First author, publication year | Country | Objectives | Violence outcome | Perpetrator type | Confounders (if adjusted) | Key findings | Quality (0–10.0)* |
Epstein, 202040 | Various (Sub-Saharan Africa) | To assess the association between drought and IPV in 19 sub-Saharan African countries. | Physical, psychological, sexual; controlling behaviour (IPV) | Intimate partner | Age, literacy, marital status, number of births, household size, rural/urban residence, partner’s age and education | Women living in severe drought vs no drought, marginal risk difference (RD) of reporting a controlling partner in percentage points from logistic regression models=3.0 (p<0.001; 95% CI 1.3 to 4.6); experiencing physical violence=0.8 (p=0.019; 95% CI 0.1 to 1.5); sexual violence=1.2 (p=0.001; 95% CI 0.4 to 2.0). Mild/moderate vs no drought, marginal RD of experiencing physical violence in percentage points=0.7 (p=0.003; 95% CI 0.2 to 1.1); sexual violence=0.7 (p=0.001; 95% CI 0.3 to 1.2). | 10.0 |
Sanz-Barbero, 201841 | Spain | To assess the effect and impact of heat waves on IPV and IPF risk in Madrid. | IPV, femicide | Intimate partner | Variables related to seasonality and 1–5 day lag in effect of heat exposure | IPF risk increased 3 days after heat waves while IPV reports increased 1 day after. Attributable risk for femicide=1.40 (p=0.048; 95% CI 1.00 to 1.97); IPV reports=1.02 (p<0.001; 95% CI 1.00 to 1.03); Help line calls=1.02 (p=0.022; 95% CI 1.00 to 1.03). | 9.0 |
Cerna-Turoff, 202050 | Haiti | To examine the effect of internal displacement after the 2010 Haiti earthquake on violence against girls and boys. | Physical, psychological, sexual | Family member; caregiver; authority figure; other | Age, household characteristics, predisaster experience of range of violent acts, matched for girls and for boys | No association between earthquake-related internal displacement and past 12 month physical violence by family member (OR=0.90; p=0.795); physical violence by authority figure (OR=1.67; p=0.154); emotional violence by family member (OR=1.11; p=0.875); sexual violence by anyone (OR=1.29; p=0.597) against girls. | 8.3 |
Temple, 201146 | USA | To examine the effect of evacuation during Hurricane Ike on rates of physical and sexual dating violence exhibited by youth. | Physical, sexual (IPV) | Intimate partner | Race, ethnicity, age | Compared with evacuating boys, OR of non-evacuating boys physically assaulting their intimate partner=3.19 (p<0.01; 95% CI 1.50 to 6.80); sexually assaulting their intimate partners=3.73 (p<0.01; 95% CI 1.50 to 9.28). | 7.5 |
Anastario, 200947 | USA | To assess change in GBV rates one and 2 years after Hurricane Katrina among internally displaced women living in trailer parks in Mississippi. | IPV; physical, sexual | Any; intimate partner | Age, sex, income, ethnicity, marital status, number days lived in trailer park | Lifetime IPV prevalence increased in the year postdisaster (12.5% in 2006, 34.4% in 2007; p=0.001) and did not return to normal during displacement. | 7.5 |
Harville, 201137 | USA | To assess the relationship between exposure to Hurricane Katrina and reported IPV among post-partum women in Louisiana. | Physical, psychological, sexual; aggressive behaviour (IPV) | Intimate partner | Age, income, education, race, parity, marital status at delivery | Experiencing disaster-related damage increased likelihood of reported experience of IPV and aggressive behaviour in the past 6 months. RR between storm damage and verbal abuse=1.23 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.48); being pushed/shoved/slapped=5.28 (95% CI 1.93 to 14.45); punched/kicked/beat up=8.25 (95% CI 1.68 to 40.47). | 7.5 |
Rao, 202042 | India | To examine the prevalence and correlates of IPV in four Indian states before and after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. | Physical, psychological, sexual (IPV) | Intimate partner | Socioeconomic factors, age, religion, alcohol use | Women living in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh (severely/moderately affected) had higher odds (1.41 (p<0.05); 1.98 (p<0.001); 1.85 (p<0.001)) of reporting IPV than women in Karnataka (unaffected) after the disaster. A decade after (2015–16), odds were two times higher in Tamil Nadu (2.42 (p<0.001)) and Andhra Pradesh (1.99 (p<0.001)) than Karnataka. Belonging to disadvantaged groups increased odds of IPV 1 year after disaster. | 7.5 |
Weitzman, 201643 | Haiti | To compare changes in IPV reported by women in the regions most affected and moderately affected by the 2010 earthquake. | Physical, sexual (IPV) | Intimate partner | Age, education, history of family violence, partner’s alcohol consumption, marital status, number of surviving children | Women in most severely affected areas had higher probability of physical and sexual IPV one to 2 years after disaster. | 7.5 |
Molyneaux, 202038 | Australia | To examine experiences of violence victimisation among communities of differing levels of bushfire exposure. | Any | Not specified | Gender, age, education | Rates of violence against women increased with higher bushfire exposure (high affected area=7.4%; low affected=1.0%; p=0.003). Negative change in income significantly associated with increased violence against women in high bushfire affected areas (OR=4.68; p=0.004; 95% CI 1.62 to 3.54). | 6.7 |
Sakurai, 201648 | Japan | To examine the relationship between the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and IPV against pregnant women in Miyagi Prefecture. | Physical, psychological (IPV) | Intimate partner | Age, marital status, household income | Incidence of physical IPV in north coastal Miyagi=5.9%, significantly higher than inland (1.3%; p=0.0007) and nationwide incidence (1.5%; p<0.0001). No significant difference in incidence of psychological IPV between three areas of Miyagi or nationwide. | 6.7 |
Madkour, 201151 | USA | To assess changes in dating violence victimisation among youth before and after exposure to Hurricane Katrina. | Any (IPV); sexual | Not specified | Age, ethnicity, gender | No significant difference in odds of experiencing dating violence predisaster (2005) and postdisaster (2007)=1.16 (p=0.155; 95% CI 0.92 to 1.39); and experiencing forced sex=0.92 (p=0.533; 95% CI 0.68 to 1.16). | 5.8 |
Chan, 201159 | China | To assess the impact of the 2008 earthquake in Sichuan on families already experiencing DV. | Physical, psychological | Intimate partner; known person; family member; stranger | None reported | Prevalence of physical violence pre-earthquake=5%; postearthquake=6.6%. Prevalence of psychological violence pre-earthquake=10.5%; postearthquake=19.3% (significance not reported). | 5.0 |
Frasier, 200439 | USA | To assess prevalence and incidence of IPV among female workers in North Carolina and perceived effect of Hurricane Floyd & floods on IPV. | Physical, psychological | Intimate partner | Multivariate analysis conducted but confounders unclear | No significant difference in predisaster and postdisaster prevalence of physical violence (pre=6%; post=4%); verbal abuse (12%; 8%); threats (8%; 4%). High rates of ever physically abused (28%) in sample compared with national rates. | 5.0 |
Sloand, 201758 | Haiti | To describe violence among internally displaced adolescent girls after the 2010 Haiti earthquake. | Physical, psychological, sexual | Family member; intimate partner | Age, education | No significant difference (p=0.510) in predisaster (59%) and postdisaster (64.1%) prevalence of physical, psychological, and sexual violence. After controlling for age and education, odds of being sexually abused postearthquake=1.41 (95% CI 1.115 to 1.791). | 5.0 |
Tanoue, 201956 | Japan | To explore changes in IPV prevalence over time in three areas of Miyagi Prefecture after the Great East Japan Earthquake. | Physical, psychological (IPV) | Intimate partner | Multivariate analysis conducted but confounders unclear | Between 2011 and 2013, postdisaster prevalence of psychological IPV in north coastal area of Miyagi decreased from 2.7% in 2011, 1.5% in 2012, 1.3% in 2013 (Ptrend=0.04). Postdisaster physical IPV in south coastal area decreased from 2.7% in 2011, 1.5% in 2012, 1.3% in 2013 (Ptrend=0.03). | 4.2 |
Kolbe, 2010 53 | Haiti | To assess the consequences of the 2010 earthquake on the population living in Port-au-Prince. | Sexual | Stranger; intimate partner; friend/neighbour | Unclear | 29 individuals in sample sexually assaulted (rape n=16; forced oral sex n=7; unwanted sexual touching n=5; forced witness of sexual acts n=1). 10 813 (95% CI 6726 to 14 900) individuals estimated to have been sexually assaulted in Port-au-Prince 6 weeks after earthquake. | 4.2 |
Lai, 202054 | Haiti | To examine the prevalence of and relationships between violence among youth exposed to the 2010 earthquake. | Physical, psychological, sexual | Family member; caregiver; authority figure | None reported | Half of women reported experiencing at least one type of violence. Emotional=27.8% (95% CI 25.02 to 30.57); physical by parent/caregiver=22.03% (95% CI 18.11 to 25.94); physical by authority figure=10.20% (95% CI 7.54 to 12.87); sexual=23.01% (95% CI 19.19 to 26.84). | 4.2 |
Sahni, 201657 | Canada | To describe the public health surveillance response following southern Alberta floods in 2013. | Physical, sexual | Not specified | None reported | Threefold increase in rate of emergency department visit from reported sexual assault postflood compared with preflood=3.18 (95% CI 1.29 to 7.84). No change in rate from violent behaviour. | 4.0 |
Campbell, 201549 | Haiti | To investigate GBV before and after the 2010 earthquake among displaced women in Port-au-Prince. | Physical, psychological, sexual | Intimate partner | None reported | High rate of physical, psychological, and sexual violence predisaster (71.2%) and postdisaster (75.0%). No significant difference between rates (p=0.266). | 3.3 |
Fagen, 201152 | USA | To examine the prevalence of violence experienced by female university students in New Orleans pre- and postHurricane Katrina. | Sexual | Not specified | Unclear | No significant difference in prevalence of sexual violence predisaster and postdisaster (size of effect and statistic unreported). | 2.5 |
Mixed-methods study | |||||||
Azad, 201355 | Bangladesh | To examine flood-induced vulnerabilities among women living in Sirajganj District. | Physical, psychological, sexual; IPV | Intimate partner; neighbour; stranger; family member | None reported | High prevalence of harassment=35%; psychological violence=33%; Verbal abuse=4%; Physical violence=34%; IPV=39% (significance not reported). | 3.1 |
*Based on the adapted NIH Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Design with 12 criteria for quantitative studies (online supplemental appendix 5); and adapted NIH tool, CASP checklist and Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool35 for mixed-methods study (online supplemental appendix 7). Scores are calculated by dividing the sum of criteria met by the total number of criteria. Scores between 0 and 3.3 were classified as low, 3.3–6.6 as medium and 6.6–10.0 as high.
CASP, Critical Appraisal Skills Programme; IPV, intimate partner violence; NIH, National Institutes of Health.