Multivariable spatial regression model for maternal mortality ratio (MMR)
| Variable | Model 1 β (p value) | Model 2 β (p value) | Model 3 β (p value) | Model 4 β (p value) | Model 5 β (p value) | Final model β (p value) |
| Socioeconomic/culture | ||||||
| Urban residence | −0.84 (0.68) | |||||
| Income inequality | −2.57 (0.21) | |||||
| Poverty rate | 1.94 (0.28) | |||||
| Gender inequality index (log transformed) | 183.30 (0.05) | 80.07 (0.01) | ||||
| Crude birth rate | 12 (0.01) | |||||
| Lifestyle | ||||||
| Total alcohol consumption | −7.16 (0.84) | |||||
| Tobacco consumption | 17.40 (0.44) | |||||
| Healthcare resources | ||||||
| Current health expenditure | 46.093 (0.02) | |||||
| Density of skilled health personnel | −9.22 (0.001) | −19.67 (0.03) | ||||
| Maternal health conditions | ||||||
| Anaemia in pregnancy | 9.21 (0.07) | 5.47 (0.43) | ||||
| Obesity among female adults | −27.46 (0.01) | 5.18 (0.48) | ||||
| Hypertension among female adults | 21.61 (0.37) | |||||
| Syphilis seropositivity among pregnant women | −93.199 (0.056) | −24.12 (0.44) | ||||
| Prevalence of underweight among female adults | −43.65 (0.23) | |||||
| Health service coverage | ||||||
| Deliveries by caesarean section | −28.95 (0.06) | |||||
| ANC coverage—at least four visits | 9.59 (0.03) | 5.49 (0.02) | ||||
| Skilled birth attendants during delivery | −0.94 (0.84) | |||||
| Adjusted R2 | 0.58 | −0.07 | 0.43 | 0.398952 | 0.555603 | |
| Model estimation | OLS | OLS | OLS | Spatial error | OLS | OLS |