Multivariable spatial regression model for maternal mortality ratio (MMR)
Variable | Model 1 β (p value) | Model 2 β (p value) | Model 3 β (p value) | Model 4 β (p value) | Model 5 β (p value) | Final model β (p value) |
Socioeconomic/culture | ||||||
Urban residence | −0.84 (0.68) | |||||
Income inequality | −2.57 (0.21) | |||||
Poverty rate | 1.94 (0.28) | |||||
Gender inequality index (log transformed) | 183.30 (0.05) | 80.07 (0.01) | ||||
Crude birth rate | 12 (0.01) | |||||
Lifestyle | ||||||
Total alcohol consumption | −7.16 (0.84) | |||||
Tobacco consumption | 17.40 (0.44) | |||||
Healthcare resources | ||||||
Current health expenditure | 46.093 (0.02) | |||||
Density of skilled health personnel | −9.22 (0.001) | −19.67 (0.03) | ||||
Maternal health conditions | ||||||
Anaemia in pregnancy | 9.21 (0.07) | 5.47 (0.43) | ||||
Obesity among female adults | −27.46 (0.01) | 5.18 (0.48) | ||||
Hypertension among female adults | 21.61 (0.37) | |||||
Syphilis seropositivity among pregnant women | −93.199 (0.056) | −24.12 (0.44) | ||||
Prevalence of underweight among female adults | −43.65 (0.23) | |||||
Health service coverage | ||||||
Deliveries by caesarean section | −28.95 (0.06) | |||||
ANC coverage—at least four visits | 9.59 (0.03) | 5.49 (0.02) | ||||
Skilled birth attendants during delivery | −0.94 (0.84) | |||||
Adjusted R2 | 0.58 | −0.07 | 0.43 | 0.398952 | 0.555603 | |
Model estimation | OLS | OLS | OLS | Spatial error | OLS | OLS |