Growth models (Average change over time in Sugira Muryango compared with usual care) | Baseline to postintervention difference† | Baseline to 12-month follow-up difference† | ||
Outcome | Difference-in-difference* (95% CI) | P value | Marginal effect (95% CI) | Marginal effect (95% CI) |
Child development outcomes | ||||
ASQ-3 Gross motor z-score | 0.294 (0.118 to 0.470) | 0.001 | 0.298 (0.150 to 0.446) | 0.597 (0.300 to 0.893) |
ASQ-3 Fine Motor z- score | 0.004 (−0.119 to 0.127) | 0.95 | 0.061 (−0.043 to 0.165) | 0.122 (−0.086 to 0.330) |
ASQ-3 Communication z- score | 0.139 (0.009 to 0.268) | 0.034 | 0.129 (0.020 to 0.238) | 0.259 (0.041 to 0.476) |
ASQ-3 Prob. Solving z- score | 0.159 (0.035 to 0.282) | 0.012 | 0.189 (0.085 to 0.293) | 0.379 (0.171 to 0.587) |
ASQ-3 Social Emotional z- score | 0.148 (0.023 to 0.273) | 0.020 | 0.122 (0.017 to 0.228) | 0.245 (0.0342 to 0.455) |
MDAT Gross motor z- score | −0.003 (−0.101 to 0.095) | 0.951 | 0.028 (−0.055 to 0.111) | 0.055 (−0.111 to 0.221) |
MDAT fine motor z- score | 0.070 (−0.058 to 0.198) | 0.283 | 0.097 (−0.012 to 0.205) | 0.193 (−0.023 to 0.410) |
MDAT language z- score | −0.022 (−0.126 to 0.080) | 0.668 | −0.016 (−0.103 to 0.072) | −0.032 (−0.206 to 0.143) |
MDAT socioemotional z- score | 0.073 (−0.016 to 0.164) | 0.108 | 0.060 (−0.016 to 0.136) | 0.121 (−0.031 to 0.272) |
Father engagement | ||||
Father engagement in childcare‡ | 1.591 (1.069, 2.368) | 0.022 | 1.565 (1.091, 2.244) | 2.449 (1.191, 5.037) |
Child growth outcomes | ||||
Height-for-age | −0.019 (-0.067 to 0.029) | 0.44 | −0.033 (−0.074 to 0.007) | −0.067 (−0.148 to 0.0144) |
Weight-for-age | −0.031 (−0.071 to 0.009) | 0.139 | −0.038 (−0.072 to –0.003) | −0.075 (−0.143 to –0.007) |
Weight-for-height | −0.016 (−0.069 to 0.037) | 0.551 | −0.015 (−0.059 to 0.029) | −0.030 (−0.119 to 0.0592) |
Middle upper arm circumference | −0.057 (−0.113 to –0.001) | 0.046 | −0.036 (−0.083 to 0.011) | −0.072 (−0.167 to 0.0227) |
Violence and safety | ||||
Harsh discipline § | 0.741 (0.657 to 0.835) | <0.001 | 0.774 (0.688 to 0.870) | 0.632 (0.510 to 0.783) |
Victimisation (female caregivers)§, ¶ | 0.616 (0.458 to 0.828) | 0.001 | 0.616 (0.425 to 0.893) | 0.442 (0.238 to 0.820) |
Perpetration (male caregivers)§, ** | 0.604 (0.325 to 0.110) | 0.110 | 0.897 (0.708 to 1.134) | 0.842 (0.559 to 1.266) |
*Assesses the significance of the ‘difference-in-difference’ or ‘time-by-treatment’ interaction coefficient.
†Difference in marginal means estimates between Sugira Muryango and usual care at each time point.
‡Among households with a father (N=524), Displayed as OR.
§From MICS: UNICEF’s Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, displayed as incidence rate ratio.
¶Among female caregivers reporting a current intimate partner at baseline (n=523), displayed as incidence rate ratio.
**Among male caregivers reporting a current intimate partner at baseline (n=450), displayed as incidence rate ratio.
ASQ-3, Ages and Stages Questionnaire; MDAT, Malawi Development Assessment Tool.