Effect of the UBL intervention on IPV knowledge, attitudes, norms, household task division and decision-making and HIV outcomes among indirect beneficiaries (women); intention to treat analysis
| Summary statistics | Intervention effect | |||||||||
| Control group | Couples’ UBL | Women’s UBL | Men’s UBL | Couples’ UBL | Women’s UBL | Men’s UBL | ||||
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | OR | AOR* | OR | AOR* | OR | AOR* | |
| Secondary HIV outcomes | ||||||||||
| Comprehensive knowledge on HIV | 95/770 (12.3) | 21/121 (17.4) | 28/146 (19.2) | 10/136 (7.4) | 1.47 (0.85–2.54) p=0.169 | 1.45 (0.82–2.57) p=0.198 | 1.74 (1.00–3.02) p=0.048 | 1.81 (1.03–3.18) p=0.040 | 0.57 (0.27–1.23) p=0.153 | 0.60 (0.27–1.31) p=0.198 |
| Condom use at last intercourse | 5/769 (0.7) | 0/120 (0.0) | 4/146 (2.7) | 1/136 (0.7) | 1.00 (–) p=. | 1.00 (–) p=. | 4.25 (1.27–14.21) p=0.019 | 5.93 (1.42–24.75) p=0.015 | 1.14 (0.18–7.27) p=0.888 | 0.79 (0.16–3.88) p=0.773 |
| Knowledge, attitudes, household decision-making and task-sharing outcomes | ||||||||||
| IPV knowledge, attitudes, norms† | ||||||||||
| Knowledge of IPV laws | 413/770 (53.6) | 68/121 (56.2) | 91/146 (62.3) | 79/136 (58.1) | 1.12 (0.81–1.56) p=0.498 | 1.16 (0.85–1.59) p=0.358 | 1.44 (1.13–1.83) p=0.003 | 1.46 (1.14–1.86) p=0.003 | 1.20 (0.84–1.71) p=0.310 | 1.24 (0.87–1.76) p=0.238 |
| Support for gender equitable norms | 305/770 (39.6) | 74/121 (61.2) | 58/146 (39.7) | 46/136 (33.8) | 2.29 (1.43–3.68) p=0.001 | 2.21 (1.39–3.51) p=0.001 | 1.00 (0.60–1.69) p=0.987 | 1.06 (0.64–1.74) p=0.828 | 0.77 (0.53–1.11) p=0.156 | 0.75 (0.51–1.08) p=0.123 |
| Do not believe IPV is justified | 299/770 (38.8) | 55/121 (45.5) | 53/146 (36.3) | 50/136 (36.8) | 1.26 (0.87–1.82) p=0.225 | 1.25 (0.87–1.79) p=0.231 | 0.92 (0.61–1.39) p=0.682 | 0.94 (0.62–1.43) p=0.771 | 0.94 (0.68–1.30) p=0.697 | 0.98 (0.70–1.36) p=0.897 |
| Household decision-making and division of childcare and household tasks | ||||||||||
| Male involvement (householdand childcare) | 84/1460 (5.8) | 19/219 (8.7) | 14/245 (5.7) | 12/261 (4.6) | 1.43 (0.90–2.28) p=0.134 | 1.38 (0.87–2.21) p=0.171 | 0.94 (0.50–1.77) p=0.853 | 0.98 (0.49–1.94) p=0.954 | 0.76 (0.42–1.38) p=0.363 | 0.74 (0.42–1.33) p=0.313 |
| Male dominance in decision-making (foodandclothing) | 787/1442 (54.6) | 103/216 (47.7) | 115/242 (47.5) | 136/256 (53.1) | 0.81 (0.55–1.20) p=0.285 | 0.79 (0.53–1.18) p=0.254 | 0.77 (0.60–0.98) p=0.036 | 0.76 (0.60–0.96) p=0.021 | 0.95 (0.71–1.28) p=0.759 | 0.94 (0.70–1.26) p=0.670 |
| Male dominance in decision-making (large item purchases) | 776/1451 (53.5) | 90/216 (41.7) | 118/243 (48.6) | 135/258 (52.3) | 0.64 (0.44–0.95) p=0.027 | 0.63 (0.42–0.94) p=0.024 | 0.84 (0.65–1.08) p=0.167 | 0.83 (0.65–1.05) p=0.127 | 0.97 (0.72–1.30) p=0.832 | 0.94 (0.70–1.27) p=0.694 |
| Male dominance in decision-making (time allocation) | 608/1453 (41.8) | 72/217 (33.2) | 91/243 (37.4) | 105/258 (40.7) | 0.72 (0.45–1.16) p=0.179 | 0.73 (0.46–1.19) p=0.207 | 0.84 (0.63–1.13) p=0.249 | 0.84 (0.64–1.12) p=0.238 | 0.97 (0.72–1.30) p=0.823 | 0.96 (0.72–1.30) p=0.807 |
| HIV knowledge, attitudes, behaviours† | ||||||||||
| Confidence in ability to use a condom | 180/770 (23.4) | 49/121 (40.5) | 50/146 (34.2) | 33/136 (24.3) | 2.35 (1.39–3.98) p=0.001 | 2.49 (1.41–4.40) p=0.002 | 1.74 (1.15–2.64) p=0.009 | 1.93 (1.29–2.90) p=0.001 | 1.05 (0.72–1.55) p=0.790 | 1.08 (0.72–1.62) p=0.722 |
| Been tested for HIV | 564/768 (73.4) | 102/121 (84.3) | 117/146 (80.1) | 109/136 (80.1) | 1.81 (0.97–3.38) p=0.061 | 1.89 (1.02–3.50) p=0.042 | 1.46 (0.84–2.53) p=0.177 | 1.63 (0.94–2.83) p=0.080 | 1.45 (0.86–2.46) p=0.164 | 1.85 (1.05–3.26) p=0.033 |
| Discussed HIV risk with partner | 326/770 (42.3) | 57/121 (47.1) | 63/146 (43.2) | 70/136 (51.5) | 1.19 (0.73–1.94) p=0.487 | 1.17 (0.69–1.99) p=0.549 | 1.02 (0.71–1.45) p=0.921 | 1.03 (0.67–1.57) p=0.893 | 1.41 (0.95–2.08) p=0.087 | 1.38 (0.94–2.01) p=0.097 |
| Discussed sex with partner | 254/770 (33.0) | 57/121 (47.1) | 52/146 (35.6) | 59/136 (43.4) | 1.77 (1.23–2.55) p=0.002 | 1.88 (1.29–2.74) p=0.001 | 1.11 (0.72–1.72) p=0.621 | 1.21 (0.79–1.86) p=0.386 | 1.52 (1.13–2.05) p=0.005 | 1.54 (1.13–2.12) p=0.007 |
Note that p-values are missing in some cells in which there is no variation in the outcome of interest, and thus it is not feasible to estimate a coefficient.
*Adjusted for respondent’s age, respondent’s schooling category, marriage length, polygamous household, socioeconomic status, whether completed the full or short survey at endline and number of months between end of intervention and endline interview.
†Not assessed among spouses of baseline respondents in short endline questionnaire.
AOR, Adjusted Odds Ratio; IPV, Intimate Partner Violence; UBL, Unite for a Better Life.