Baseline characteristics of physicians, nurses or physician assistants exposed to patients with COVID-19 in the workplace.
| Controls n=2316 | Cases n=568 | P value | |
| Gender, N (%) | 0.63 | ||
| Female | 640 (28%) | 154 (27%) | |
| Male | 1656 (72%) | 410 (72%) | |
| Other | 1 (0%) | 1 (0%) | |
| Prefer not to say | 19 (1%) | 3 (1%) | |
| Age (mean±SD) | 48±10 | 47±10 | 0.11 |
| Significant, close exposure to COVID-19 | 100% | 100% | . |
| Experienced symptoms of COVID-19 | 0 (0%) | 514 (90%) | . |
| Number of days of symptoms | 0 | 11±13 | . |
| Country | <0.001 | ||
| France | 208 (9%) | 48 (8%) | |
| Germany | 233 (10%) | 46 (8%) | |
| Italy | 359 (16%) | 74 (13%) | |
| Spain | 382 (16%) | 146 (26%) | |
| UK | 233 (10%) | 94 (17%) | |
| USA | 901 (39%) | 160 (28%) | |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.46 | ||
| White | 1792 (77%) | 426 (75%) | |
| Any mixed/multiple ethnic background | 121 (5%) | 41 (7%) | |
| Asian | 271 (12%) | 65 (11%) | |
| African | 36 (2%) | 12 (2%) | |
| Other | 29 (1%) | 7 (1%) | |
| Prefer not to say | 67 (3%) | 17 (3%) | |
| Smoking | 0.80 | ||
| Current smoker | 110 (5%) | 24 (4%) | |
| Former smoker | 341 (15%) | 86 (15%) | |
| Never smoked | 1865 (81%) | 458 (81%) | |
| Medical doctor | 2187 (94%) | 548 (96%) | 0.048 |
| Nurse/nurse practitioner/physician assistant | 129 (6%) | 20 (4%) | |
| Physician specialty | 0.10 | ||
| Other | 10 (0%) | 2 (0%) | |
| Allergy and immunology | 25 (1%) | 4 (1%) | |
| Cardiology | 227 (10%) | 54 (10%) | |
| Critical care | 230 (10%) | 52 (9%) | |
| Emergency medicine | 512 (22%) | 91 (16%) | |
| Endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism | 74 (3%) | 24 (4%) | |
| Gastroenterology | 77 (3%) | 17 (3%) | |
| Haematology | 85 (4%) | 27 (5%) | |
| Infectious disease | 82 (4%) | 18 (3%) | |
| Internal medicine | 322 (14%) | 111 (20%) | |
| Nephrology | 38 (2%) | 15 (3%) | |
| Neurology | 82 (4%) | 25 (5%) | |
| Pulmonology | 354 (15%) | 76 (13%) | |
| Rheumatology | 69 (3%) | 32 (6%) | |
| Nurse/NP/PA practice setting | 0.36 | ||
| Emergency room | 22 (17%) | 2 (10%) | |
| Intensive care unit (ICU) | 45 (35%) | 5 (25%) | |
| Other hospital-based department | 62 (48%) | 13 (65%) | |
| Medical conditions | |||
| Pre-diabetes | 38 (1.6%) | 16 (2.8%) | 0.06 |
| Diabetes | 70 (3.0%) | 26 (4.6%) | 0.06 |
| High cholesterol | 320 (13.8%) | 76 (13.4%) | 0.79 |
| Cancer | 326 (14.1%) | 78 (13.7%) | 0.83 |
| Coronary heart disease | 59 (2.5%) | 11 (1.9%) | 0.4 |
| Heart failure | 31 (1.3%) | 13 (2.3%) | 0.1 |
| Prior lung disease | 8 (0.3%) | 2 (0.4%) | 0.98 |
| Prior lung infection | 9 (0.4%) | 4 (0.7%) | 0.31 |
| Asthma | 34 (1.5%) | 6 (1.1%) | 0.45 |
| Overweight | 218 (9.4%) | 69 (12.1%) | 0.05 |
| Autoimmune disease | 307 (13.3%) | 81 (14.3%) | 0.53 |
| COVID-19 PCR or antibody test | <0.001 | ||
| No—I did not a get a test | 695 (30%) | 53 (9%) | |
| No—I did not have access to the test | 69 (3%) | 32 (6%) | |
| Yes—I tested negative | 1552 (67%) | 185 (33%) | |
| Yes—I tested positive | 0 (0%) | 298 (52%) | |
| Test for influenza or other respiratory viruses | <0.001 | ||
| No—I did not a get a test | 1876 (81%) | 418 (74%) | |
| No—I did not have access to the test | 205 (9%) | 50 (9%) | |
| Yes—I tested negative | 225 (10%) | 79 (14%) | |
| Yes—I tested positive | 10 (0%) | 21 (4%) | |
Cases are defined as self-reported COVID-19 like illness or a positive COVID-19 test in the absence of symptoms.
NP, nurse practitioner; PA, physician assistant.