Effect of the UBL intervention on primary and secondary IPV outcomes among direct and indirect beneficiaries (women and men) at 24 months follow-up; intention to treat analysis
| Summary statistics | Intervention effect: primary treatment effect and interaction effect for indirect beneficiaries | |||||||||
| Control group | Couples’ UBL | Women’s UBL | Men’s UBL | Couples’ UBL | Women’s UBL | Men’s UBL | ||||
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | AOR‡: primary treatment effect* | AOR‡: interaction effect for indirect beneficiaries† | AOR‡: primary treatment effect* | AOR‡: interaction effect for indirect beneficiaries† | AOR‡: primary treatment effect* | AOR‡: interaction effect for indirect beneficiaries† | |
| Primary IPV outcomes | ||||||||||
| Experience of intimate partner violence (IPV)—women’s reports | ||||||||||
| Past-year physical IPV | 292/1452 (20.1) | 299/1466 (20.4) | 320/1455 (22.0) | 318/1493 (21.3) | 1.00 (0.77–1.30) p=0.977 | 1.02 (0.60–1.74) p=0.929 | 1.11 (0.87–1.41) p=0.415 | 1.01 (0.80–1.27) p=0.924 | 1.02 (0.81–1.28) p=0.897 | 0.89 (0.62–1.26) p=0.495 |
| Past-year sexual IPV | 542/1451 (37.4) | 505/1465 (34.5) | 600/1457 (41.2) | 521/1488 (35.0) | 0.86 (0.62–1.20) p=0.385 | 1.02 (0.75–1.39) p=0.905 | 1.15 (0.87–1.50) p=0.322 | 1.10 (0.84–1.42) p=0.498 | 0.80 (0.63–1.01) p=0.058 | 1.04 (0.81–1.32) p=0.771 |
| Secondary IPV outcomes | ||||||||||
| Perpetration of IPV—men’s reports | ||||||||||
| Past-year physical IPV | 313/1459 (21.5) | 327/1485 (22.0) | 373/1485 (25.1) | 294/1499 (19.6) | 0.97 (0.70–1.35) p=0.869 | 1.53 (1.21–1.93) p=0.000 | 1.21 (0.88–1.66) p=0.233 | 1.08 (0.77–1.51) p=0.670 | 0.85 (0.66–1.10) p=0.208 | 1.10 (0.76–1.57) p=0.619 |
| Past-year sexual IPV | 427/1459 (29.3) | 403/1485 (27.1) | 458/1484 (30.9) | 353/1499 (23.5) | 0.88 (0.62–1.26) p=0.494 | 1.07 (0.76–1.51) p=0.693 | 1.08 (0.85–1.38) p=0.525 | 0.97 (0.70–1.35) p=0.873 | 0.73 (0.57–0.94) p=0.014 | 0.75 (0.55–1.02) p=0.071 |
| Additional IPV outcomes | ||||||||||
| Experience of IPV—women’s reports | ||||||||||
| Past-year physical and/or sexual IPV | 627/1453 (43.2) | 586/1466 (40.0) | 665/1456 (45.7) | 604/1490 (40.5) | 0.87 (0.65–1.16) p=0.345 | 0.98 (0.73–1.33) p=0.920 | 1.08 (0.84–1.40) p=0.548 | 1.08 (0.84–1.39) p=0.532 | 0.80 (0.65–0.98) p=0.030 | 1.07 (0.80–1.43) p=0.646 |
| Past-year emotional IPV | 886/1460 (60.7) | 872/1472 (59.2) | 865/1462 (59.2) | 866/1497 (57.8) | 0.92 (0.65–1.31) p=0.652 | 1.05 (0.76–1.45) p=0.785 | 0.90 (0.65–1.23) p=0.490 | 1.16 (0.88–1.53) p=0.288 | 0.81 (0.62–1.05) p=0.110 | 0.95 (0.69–1.33) p=0.781 |
| Perpetration of IPV—men’s reports | ||||||||||
| Past-year physical and/or sexual IPV | 566/1459 (38.8) | 545/1485 (36.7) | 629/1484 (42.4) | 512/1499 (34.2) | 0.87 (0.63–1.22) p=0.422 | 1.27 (1.02–1.59) p=0.035 | 1.17 (0.92–1.50) p=0.204 | 0.95 (0.73–1.23) p=0.683 | 0.79 (0.62–1.00) p=0.046 | 0.90 (0.68–1.18) p=0.446 |
| Past-year emotional IPV | 819/1463 (56.0) | 832/1489 (55.9) | 898/1492 (60.2) | 851/1502 (56.7) | 0.98 (0.75–1.27) p=0.877 | 1.03 (0.85–1.24) p=0.757 | 1.19 (0.92–1.55) p=0.183 | 0.93 (0.69–1.25) p=0.612 | 0.97 (0.77–1.22) p=0.802 | 1.24 (0.88–1.74) p=0.220 |
This table reports results from models including both binary variables for treatment assignment and interaction variables between those binary variables and a binary variable for indirect beneficiary.
*The primary treatment effect reports the AOR for the IPV outcome comparing intervention arm to control.
†The interaction effect reports the AOR for the interaction between the treatment assignment and indirect beneficiary variable.
‡Models are adjusted for respondent’s age, respondent’s schooling category, marriage length, polygamous household, socioeconomic status, whether completed the full or short survey at endline, and number of months between end of intervention and endline interview.
AOR, Adjusted Odds Ratio; UBL, Unite for a Better Life.