Table 6

Effect of the UBL intervention on IPV knowledge, attitudes, norms, household task division and decision-making and HIV outcomes among indirect beneficiaries (men); intention to treat analysis

Summary statisticsIntervention effect
Control groupCouples’ UBLWomen’s UBLMen’s
UBL
Couples’ UBLWomen’s UBLMen’s UBL
N (%)N (%)N (%)N (%)ORAOR*ORAOR*ORAOR*
Secondary HIV outcomes
Comprehensive knowledge on HIV209/701
(29.8)
40/106
(37.7)
39/106
(36.8)
42/127
(33.1)
1.33 (0.89–1.99)
p=0.157
1.28 (0.85–1.93)
p=0.239
1.27 (0.68–2.35)
p=0.453
1.27 (0.68–2.37)
p=0.447
1.14 (0.70–1.85)
p=0.598
1.10 (0.69–1.76)
p=0.689
Condom use at last intercourse17/697
(2.4)
4/105
(3.8)
1/106
(0.9)
4/127
(3.1)
1.57 (0.60–4.10)
p=0.353
1.32 (0.43–4.09)
p=0.630
0.37 (0.04–3.25)
p=0.369
0.39 (0.04–3.45)
p=0.399
1.22 (0.38–3.95)
p=0.736
1.20 (0.35–4.16)
p=0.775
Knowledge, attitudes, household decision-making and task-sharing outcomes
IPV knowledge, attitudes, norms†
Knowledge of IPV laws409/701
(58.3)
65/106
(61.3)
61/106
(57.5)
83/127
(65.4)
1.12 (0.69–1.83)
p=0.636
1.11 (0.66–1.87)
p=0.682
0.95 (0.63–1.44)
p=0.814
0.94 (0.63–1.41)
p=0.754
1.32 (1.02–1.70)
p=0.033
1.36 (1.05–1.78)
p=0.022
Support for gender equitable norms304/701
(43.4)
57/106
(53.8)
47/106
(44.3)
60/127
(47.2)
1.39 (0.95–2.03)
p=0.090
1.32 (0.91–1.91)
p=0.146
0.94 (0.56–1.57)
p=0.810
0.94 (0.56–1.60)
p=0.829
1.11 (0.73–1.70)
p=0.622
1.11 (0.72–1.70)
p=0.645
Do not believe IPV is justified373/701
(53.2)
64/106
(60.4)
57/106
(53.8)
71/127
(55.9)
1.19 (0.76–1.87)
p=0.456
1.14 (0.73–1.79)
p=0.562
0.92 (0.58–1.46)
p=0.719
0.94 (0.57–1.55)
p=0.813
1.06 (0.62–1.80)
p=0.832
1.03 (0.60–1.78)
p=0.909
Household decision-making and division of childcare and household tasks
Male involvement (householdandchildcare)135/1463
(9.2)
46/219
(21.0)
34/256
(13.3)
43/256
(16.8)
2.57 (1.69–3.92)
p=0.000
2.60 (1.71–3.95)
p=0.000
1.50 (0.88–2.54)
p=0.135
1.57 (0.92–2.70)
p=0.100
2.01 (1.40–2.89)
p=0.000
2.00 (1.37–2.91)
p=0.000
Male dominance in decision-making (foodandclothing)743/1456
(51.0)
93/217
(42.9)
126/253
(49.8)
117/255
(45.9)
0.77 (0.57–1.05)
p=0.095
0.72 (0.49–1.04)
p=0.083
0.98 (0.68–1.41)
p=0.923
0.84 (0.57–1.25)
p=0.392
0.83 (0.62–1.10)
p=0.195
0.76 (0.53–1.09)
p=0.139
Male dominance in decision-making (large item purchases)951/1455
(65.4)
126/216
(58.3)
146/254
(57.5)
140/255
(54.9)
0.78 (0.58–1.06)
p=0.119
0.78 (0.58–1.05)
p=0.101
0.73 (0.52–1.03)
p=0.074
0.72 (0.51–1.02)
p=0.063
0.66 (0.48–0.89)
p=0.007
0.63 (0.46–0.85)
p=0.003
Male dominance in decision-making (time allocation)875/1455
(60.1)
97/216
(44.9)
142/254
(55.9)
133/254
(52.4)
0.58 (0.40–0.86)
p=0.006
0.57 (0.39–0.83)
p=0.003
0.86 (0.60–1.25)
p=0.438
0.84 (0.58–1.23)
p=0.376
0.74 (0.53–1.04)
p=0.080
0.73 (0.52–1.02)
p=0.065
HIV knowledge, attitudes, behaviours†
Confidence in ability to use a condom291/701
(41.5)
56/106
(52.8)
48/106
(45.3)
72/127
(56.7)
1.76 (1.17–2.65)
p=0.006
1.73 (1.12–2.67)
p=0.013
1.24 (0.78–1.97)
p=0.370
1.23 (0.77–1.97)
p=0.383
1.85 (1.24–2.76)
p=0.003
1.92 (1.28–2.89)
p=0.002
Been tested for HIV539/700
(77.0)
86/106
(81.1)
85/106
(80.2)
101/127
(79.5)
1.24 (0.61–2.51)
p=0.557
0.99 (0.47–2.11)
p=0.989
1.13 (0.66–1.95)
p=0.652
1.08 (0.58–2.01)
p=0.807
1.08 (0.61–1.91)
p=0.783
1.15 (0.67–1.97)
p=0.619
Discussed HIV risk with partner479/701
(68.3)
87/106
(82.1)
80/106
(75.5)
96/127
(75.6)
2.15 (1.18–3.90)
p=0.012
2.08 (1.13–3.80)
p=0.018
1.43 (0.90–2.25)
p=0.126
1.37 (0.88–2.15)
p=0.164
1.40 (0.85–2.32)
p=0.189
1.43 (0.85–2.41)
p=0.176
Discussed sex with partner513/701
(73.2)
92/106
(86.8)
84/106
(79.2)
106/127
(83.5)
2.33 (1.46–3.74)
p=0.000
2.20 (1.32–3.67)
p=0.002
1.33 (0.86–2.07)
p=0.201
1.26 (0.79–2.00)
p=0.326
1.79 (0.98–3.25)
p=0.057
1.90 (1.05–3.45)
p=0.034
  • *Adjusted for respondent’s age, respondent’s schooling category, marriage length, polygamous household, socioeconomic status, whether completed the full or short survey at endline, and number of months between end of intervention and endline interview.

  • †not assessed among spouses of baseline respondents in short endline questionnaire.

  • AOR, Adjusted Odds Ratio; IPV, intimate partner violence; UBL, Unite for a Better Life.