Table 5

Primary and secondary outcomes among male participants in the Indashyikirwa couples’ cohort

	Arm	Baseline		Midline		Endline		12-month outcomes				Final 24-month outcomes
		Baseline		Midline		Endline		aRR/β	95% CI		P value	aRR/β	95% CI		P value
		%/Mean	N/SE	%/Mean	N/SE	%/Mean	N/SE	aRR/β	Lower bound	Upper bound	P value	aRR/β	Lower bound	Upper bound	P value
Primary outcome
Experience of physical or sexual IPV in the past 12 months from current male partner, assessed with standardised What Works definition	I	26.0%	206	13.2%	105	13.5%	103	0.43	0.31	0.60	<0.001	0.54	0.38	0.75	<0.001
	C	22.0%	178	19.3%	155	16.8%	130
Secondary outcomes
IPV-related secondary outcomes
By experience of IPV reported at baseline
Among men reporting NO IPV perpetration (What Works definition) in the past year at baseline (n=1161 total, 556 intervention and 605 control)	I	0.0%	0	8.4%	49	9.2%	51	0.61	0.37	1.01	0.05	0.81	0.44	1.36	0.44
	C	0.0%	0	11.8%	74	10.4%	63
Among men who DID report IPV perpetration (What Works definition) in the past year at baseline (n=376 total, 207 intervention and 169 control)	I	100.0%	206	27.2%	56	25.1%	52	0.28	0.14	0.57	<0.001	0.35	0.17	0.72	<0.001
	C	100.0%	178	45.3%	81	39.6%	67
By specific type of IPV
Physical intimate partner violence used in main partnership in the past 12 months	I	26.1%	210	14.5%	115	15.4%	117	0.52	0.38	0.72	<0.001	0.78	0.56	1.09	0.15
	C	22.7%	184	19.6%	156	16.0%	123
Forced or coerced sex with main partner in the past 12 months	I	21.8%	175	14.0%	111	11.7%	89	0.6	0.43	0.84	<0.001	0.52	0.37	0.74	<0.001
	C	19.5%	159	17.0%	136	15.7%	121
Economic abuse used with main partner in the past 12 months	I	28.7%	231	22.5%	178	20.1%	153	0.95	0.72	1.27	0.72	0.87	0.64	1.18	0.35
	C	28.6%	233	23.1%	185	21.6%	167
Relationship quality
Level of conflict in intimate partnership (Possible range 0–24; lower scores represent better outcomes)	I	4.55	0.23	3.71	0.17	4.46	0.17	−0.19	−0.26	−0.11	<0.001	−0.19	−0.26	−0.12	<0.001
	C	4.44	0.29	4.43	0.28	5.15	0.28
Quality of conflict management strategies (Possible range 6–24, higher scores represent better outcomes)	I	16.67	0.15	17.57	0.14	17.46	0.11	0.50	0.23	0.77	<0.001	0.45	0.17	0.73	<0.001
	C	16.76	0.08	17.10	0.17	17.05	0.12
Couple communication: Per cent of couples who achieved the maximum score on a scale for range of topics and frequency	I	32.7%	263	43.8%	347	46.5%	354	2.13	1.61	2.82	<0.001	2.57	1.93	3.41	<0.001
	C	33.7%	275	34.3%	275	34.8%	268
Perception of trust, care and respect in relationship with main partner: Per cent of couples who achieved the maximum score on a scale for perception of trust and care in relationship	I	34.0%	274	36.7%	291	31.9%	243	1.29	0.99	1.88	0.06	1.25	0.94	1.65	0.12
	C	38.0%	308	34.5%	276	31.1%	240
Mental health and substance use
Depressive symptoms as assessed using the CES-D short form (Possible range 0–30)	I	7.01	0.16	6.10	0.17	6.23	0.18	−1.06	−1.4	−0.72	<0.001	−0.83	−1.18	−0.49	<0.001
	C	7.13	0.21	7.17	0.17	7.05	0.19
Problematic alcohol use	I	16.4%	132	13.2%	105	13.5%	103	0.71	0.49	1.03	0.07	0.73	0.51	1.07	0.11
	C	13.6%	111	14.9%	120	15.0%	116
Beliefs and community engagement
Acceptability of wife beating (number of reasons endorsed as justifications, range 0–5)	I	0.85	0.06	0.37	0.04	0.37	0.05	−0.91	−1.09	−0.74	<0.001	−0.87	−1.06	−0.69	<0.001
	C	0.90	0.09	0.87	0.07	0.84	0.07
Feels confident advising neighbours on relationships	I	47.6%	383	72.8%	575	78.1%	596	1.05	0.81	1.35	0.73	1.35	1.03	1.77	0.03
	C	49.1%	400	72.6%	583	74.4%	575
Has advised neighbours on relationships in past 12 months	I	61.2%	493	76.5%	607	77.7%	592	2.9	2.21	3.81	<0.001	2.75	2.08	3.63	<0.001
	C	66.6%	542	64.1%	514	66.4%	513
Participating in action to prevent IPV	Control (n=831)	80.4%	655	82.1%	660	84.9%	657	Ref				Ref
Couples training only (n=410)		72.0%	285	89.3%	341	90.1%	317	3.12	2.03	4.81	<0.001	2.75	1.74	4.36	<0.001
Self-identified activists (n=411)		75.4%	310	96.6%	397	95.9%	394	13.1	7.04	24.4	<0.001	7.79	4.37	13.90	<0.001
Men’s exploratory outcomes
Economic outcomes, past month
Any earned income	I	72.7%	586	75.0%	595	82.8%	631	1.50	1.11	2.02	0.01	1.51	1.08	2.11	0.02
	C	73.5%	599	71.1%	572	79.5%	615
Any household debt payments	I	86.9%	700	91.1%	723	89.8%	684	1.46	1.00	2.13	0.05	0.82	0.56	1.22	0.33
	C	84.9%	692	87.8%	706	90.3%	698
Food security	I	21.1%	170	17.2%	136	25.0%	191	1.68	1.18	2.39	<0.001	1.76	1.27	2.42	<0.001
	C	23%	190	13%	108	19.5%	151
Hunger score	I	4.67	0.06	4.88	0.09	4.52	0.07	−0.20	−0.35	−0.04	0.01	−0.36	−0.51	−0.20	<0.001
	C	4.66	0.10	5.09	0.09	4.87	0.09
Parenting
Support physical punishment of children	I	35.4%	286	24.8%	197	21.4%	163	0.28	0.21	0.38	<0.001	0.21	0.16	0.29	<0.001
	C	33.7%	275	40.1%	322	40.1%	310
Reports punishing children by smacking or beating them	I	73.1%	553	74.3%	550	70.5%	503	0.54	0.38	0.76	<0.001	0.58	0.41	0.80	<0.001
	C	72.0%	537	79.1%	590	77.0%	551
Health-related outcomes
Self-rated health	I	72.0%	581	73.0%	579	66.0%	503	2.50	1.87	3.34	<0.001	1.91	1.44	2.52	<0.001
	C	74.0%	603	62.0%	498	57.4%	444
PTSD symptoms	I	n/a		10.9	0.14	10.4	0.14	−0.09	−0.13	−0.04	<0.001	−0.10	−0.14	−0.05	<0.001
	C	n/a		12.0	0.20	11.6	0.19

CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression ; IPV, intimate partner violence; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder.