Primary and secondary outcomes among female participants in the Indashyikirwa couples’ cohort
| Arm | Baseline | Midline | Endline | 12-month outcomes | Final 24-month outcomes | ||||||||||
| aRR/β | 95% CI | P value | aRR/β | 95% CI | P value | ||||||||||
| %/Mean | N/SE | %/Mean | N/SE | %/Mean | N/SE | Lower bound | Upper bound | Lower bound | Upper bound | ||||||
| Primary outcome | |||||||||||||||
| Experience of physical or sexual IPV in the past 12 months from current male partner, assessed with What Works consortium definition | I | 49.8% | 412 | 33.7% | 278 | 34.7% | 283 | 0.36 | 0.27 | 0.48 | <0.001 | 0.44 | 0.34 | 0.59 | <0.001 |
| C | 41.1% | 337 | 43.5% | 355 | 41.7% | 334 | |||||||||
| Secondary outcomes | |||||||||||||||
| IPV-related secondary outcomes | |||||||||||||||
| By experience of IPV reported at baseline | |||||||||||||||
| Among women reporting NO experience of IPV (What Works definition) in the past year at baseline (n=898 total, 415 Intervention and 483 control) | I | 0.0% | 0 | 18.1% | 75 | 22.0% | 90 | 0.59 | 0.36 | 0.95 | 0.03 | 0.74 | 0.46 | 1.17 | 0.19 |
| C | 0.0% | 0 | 25.0% | 120 | 26.7% | 126 | |||||||||
| Among women who DID experience of IPV (What Works definition) in the past year at baseline (n=749 total, 412 intervention and 337 control) | I | 100.0% | 412 | 49.5% | 203 | 47.7% | 193 | 0.22 | 0.13 | 0.40 | <0.001 | 0.35 | 0.20 | 0.61 | <0.001 |
| C | 100.0% | 337 | 69.9% | 235 | 63.2% | 208 | |||||||||
| By specific type of IPV | |||||||||||||||
| Any experience of physical intimate partner violence from the main partner in the past 12 months | I | 42.8% | 354 | 25.7% | 211 | 25.5% | 206 | 0.34 | 0.25 | 0.45 | <0.001 | 0.39 | 0.29 | 0.53 | <0.001 |
| C | 33.2% | 272 | 34.4% | 280 | 32.3% | 257 | |||||||||
| Any experience of being forced or coerced into sexual activity by the main partner in the past 12 months | I | 45.1% | 373 | 33.1% | 272 | 32.3% | 261 | 0.49 | 0.37 | 0.65 | <0.001 | 0.49 | 0.37 | 0.66 | <0.001 |
| C | 37.6% | 308 | 38.5% | 314 | 38.1% | 303 | |||||||||
| Any experience of economic abuse by the main partner in the past 12 months | I | 46.4% | 384 | 33.0% | 273 | 31.2% | 252 | 0.45 | 0.34 | 0.60 | <0.001 | 0.31 | 0.24 | 0.41 | <0.001 |
| C | 38.4% | 315 | 39.9% | 325 | 43.3% | 345 | |||||||||
| Any experience of emotional aggression/abuse from main partner in the past 12 months | I | 74.7% | 618 | 67.2% | 551 | 60.8% | 492 | 0.82 | 0.62 | 1.10 | 0.19 | 0.55 | 0.41 | 0.73 | <0.001 |
| C | 70.4% | 577 | 67.0% | 546 | 66.8% | 532 | |||||||||
| Children in household witnessing IPV | |||||||||||||||
| Children in household witnessing IPV (taken out of all hh with kids and physical or sexual IPV in the last 12 months at each wave, n=771 at baseline, n=674 at midline, n=649 at endline) | I | 45.8% | 197/430 | 30.4% | 93/306 | 32.8% | 102/311 | 0.31 | 0.19 | 0.50 | <0.001 | 0.33 | 0.20 | 0.54 | <0.001 |
| C | 43.5% | 156/359 | 42.4% | 162/382 | 42.8% | 146/341 | |||||||||
| Help seeking | |||||||||||||||
| Help seeking among survivors of IPV (taken out of women reporting any physical or sexual IPV in the last 12 months at each wave, n=895 at baseline, n=766 at midline, n=743 at endline) | I | 57.2% | 283/495 | 54.3% | 191/352 | 55.6% | 195/351 | 1.07 | 0.76 | 1.51 | 0.69 | 1.05 | 0.74 | 1.48 | 0.78 |
| C | 51.5% | 217/421 | 47.7% | 204/428 | 50.4% | 199/395 | |||||||||
| Relationship quality | |||||||||||||||
| Level of conflict in intimate partnership (Possible range 0–24; lower scores represent better outcomes) | I | 5.27 | 0.22 | 3.85 | 0.19 | 4.42 | 0.23 | −0.3 | −0.37 | −0.22 | <0.001 | −0.31 | −0.38 | −0.23 | <0.001 |
| C | 4.40 | 0.25 | 4.58 | 0.16 | 5.36 | 0.25 | |||||||||
| Quality of conflict management strategies (Possible range 6–24, higher scores represent better outcomes) | I | 15.24 | 0.23 | 16.48 | 0.22 | 16.16 | 0.18 | 1.14 | 0.85 | 1.43 | <0.001 | 0.97 | 0.68 | 1.26 | <0.001 |
| C | 15.45 | 0.15 | 15.47 | 0.15 | 15.31 | 0.19 | |||||||||
| Couple communication: Per cent of couples who achieved the maximum score on a scale for range of topics and frequency | I | 19.4% | 160 | 30.9% | 254 | 31.3% | 252 | 2.07 | 1.53 | 2.81 | <0.001 | 1.78 | 1.32 | 2.41 | <0.001 |
| C | 21.5% | 176 | 23.3% | 190 | 25.5% | 203 | |||||||||
| Perception of trust, care and respect in relationship with main partner: Per cent of couples who achieved the maximum score on a scale for perception of trust and care in relationship | I | 26.0% | 215 | 32.0% | 262 | 29.4% | 238 | 1.55 | 1.16 | 2.06 | <0.001 | 1.83 | 1.36 | 2.48 | <0.001 |
| C | 30.7% | 251 | 29.7% | 242 | 25.3% | 201 | |||||||||
| Mental health | |||||||||||||||
| Depressive symptoms as assessed using the CES-D short form (Possible range 0–30) | I | 8.74 | 0.27 | 6.78 | 0.25 | 6.97 | 0.23 | −1.64 | −2.01 | −1.27 | <0.001 | −1.77 | −2.14 | −1.40 | <0.001 |
| C | 8.04 | 0.18 | 7.99 | 0.24 | 8.28 | 0.24 | |||||||||
| Beliefs and community engagement | |||||||||||||||
| Acceptability of wife beating (number of reasons endorsed as justifications, range 0–5) | I | 2.30 | 0.13 | 1.04 | 0.09 | 0.90 | 0.09 | −0.83 | −0.92 | −0.73 | <0.001 | −0.94 | −1.04 | −0.84 | <0.001 |
| C | 2.43 | 0.14 | 2.37 | 0.12 | 2.29 | 0.12 | |||||||||
| Self-efficacy for community engagement (Possible range 2–6; higher scores represent better outcomes) | I | 3.89 | 0.04 | 4.53 | 0.03 | 4.76 | 0.06 | 0.40 | 0.30 | 0.49 | <0.001 | 0.59 | 0.50 | 0.69 | <0.001 |
| C | 4.01 | 0.04 | 4.20 | 0.04 | 4.24 | 0.07 | |||||||||
| Participating in action to prevent IPV | Control (n=820) | 74.2% | 608 | 75.3% | 615 | 75.8% | 607 | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Couples training only (n=514) | 68.3% | 351 | 89.1% | 456 | 90.8% | 456 | 4.70 | 3.23 | 6.83 | <0.001 | 5.44 | 3.66 | 8.07 | <0.001 | |
| Self-reported activist training participants (n=313) | 67.7% | 212 | 93.6% | 293 | 94.3% | 295 | 9.67 | 5.72 | 16.3 | <0.001 | 10.30 | 5.97 | 17.8 | <0.001 | |
| Women's exploratory outcomes | |||||||||||||||
| Economic outcomes, past month | |||||||||||||||
| Any earned income | I | 49.5% | 409 | 62.2% | 513 | 68.2% | 554 | 1.16 | 0.88 | 1.52 | 0.30 | 1.45 | 1.10 | 1.92 | 0.01 |
| C | 58.9% | 482 | 64.6% | 527 | 67.0% | 535 | |||||||||
| Any household debt payments | I | 81.5% | 674 | 87.7% | 723 | 88.3% | 720 | 1.41 | 0.99 | 1.99 | 0.05 | 1.26 | 0.88 | 1.81 | 0.20 |
| C | 82.8% | 679 | 85.3% | 697 | 87.2% | 697 | |||||||||
| Food security | I | 17.7% | 146 | 15.0% | 124 | 24.5% | 200 | 1.10 | 0.80 | 1.51 | 0.57 | 2.12 | 1.57 | 2.86 | <0.001 |
| C | 21.7% | 178 | 15.3% | 125 | 16.7% | 134 | |||||||||
| Hunger score | I | 4.95 | 0.09 | 5.01 | 0.08 | 4.66 | 0.08 | −0.26 | −0.40 | −0.13 | <0.001 | −0.46 | −0.60 | −0.33 | <0.001 |
| C | 4.76 | 0.10 | 5.18 | 0.08 | 5.04 | 0.07 | |||||||||
| Parenting | |||||||||||||||
| Endorses statements supporting physical punishment of children | I | 50.3% | 416 | 36.6% | 300 | 38.0% | 307 | 0.30 | 0.23 | 0.39 | <0.001 | 0.34 | 0.26 | 0.45 | <0.001 |
| C | 49.3% | 404 | 54.9% | 447 | 54.4% | 434 | |||||||||
| Reports punishing children by smacking or beating them | I | 84.8% | 626 | 80.7% | 602 | 76.8% | 573 | 0.39 | 0.26 | 0.59 | <0.001 | 0.46 | 0.31 | 0.68 | <0.001 |
| C | 84.7% | 615 | 87.4% | 652 | 84.9% | 613 | |||||||||
| Health-related outcomes | |||||||||||||||
| Self-rated health | I | 66.8% | 552 | 75.9% | 626 | 70.8% | 577 | 2.20 | 1.65 | 2.91 | <0.001 | 1.98 | 1.51 | 2.61 | <0.001 |
| C | 71.0% | 590 | 67.4% | 551 | 63.3% | 506 | |||||||||
| PTSD symptoms | I | n/a | 11.29 | 0.36 | 11.58 | 0.34 | −0.09 | −0.14 | −0.05 | <0.001 | −0.08 | −0.13 | −0.04 | <0.001 | |
| C | n/a | 12.36 | 0.28 | 12.56 | 0.24 | ||||||||||
| Problematic alcohol use | I | n/a | 4.7% | 39 | 4.2% | 34 | 0.85 | 0.43 | 1.68 | 0.63 | 0.96 | 0.47 | 1.98 | 0.92 | |
| C | n/a | 4.5% | 37 | 3.8% | 30 | ||||||||||
CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression ; IPV, intimate partner violence; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder.