Example interventions for each intervention type
| Intervention type | Style | Scope | Intervention design |
| Classroom | Didactic. Intervention primarily sought to transfer information about worm infection to its target audience. | Individual. Classrooms were targeted mainly as a logistical convenience for reaching large numbers of children. | Video screening for school children about tapeworm infection in Tanzania followed by distribution of information leaflets.31 |
| Club (didactic) | Didactic. Focus on delivering maternal and child health messages. Discussion was only used to check for women’s understanding of these health messages. | Group. Social cohesion among group members facilitated the emergence of mutual social support, for example, in seeking maternal care from health providers. | Health education for members of financial self-help groups regarding maternal and newborn care and care-seeking practices in India.32 |
| Club (problem-solving) | Problem-solving. Club members developed strategies to address local priorities, ending each session with a pledge to do homework before the next weekly session. | Group. Club members visited each other to provide support and monitor progress on homework. However, they interacted little with outside non-club members in this process. | Village Health Clubs stimulating behaviour change and demand for improved water, hygiene and sanitation in Zimbabwe.33 |
| Collective | Problem-solving. Group facilitators lead members through a cycle of prioritising, planning and implementing their own strategies to address health problems. | Community. Group members involve the wider community in staffing bicycle ambulances, producing and distributing clean delivery kits or lobbying local government.71 | Women’s groups practising participatory learning and action to promote maternal and newborn health in Malawi, Nepal, India and Bangladesh.8 |