Initiation of first antenatal care contact | ||||||||||||
Late initiation within second trimester (4–6 months) | On time initiation within first trimester (0–3 months) | |||||||||||
Study variables | RR* | 95% CI‡ | P value | aRR‡ | 95% CI‡ | P value | RR* | 95% CI‡ | P value | aRR‡ | 95% CI‡ | P value |
Household factors | ||||||||||||
Location of household | ||||||||||||
Rural | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
Urban | 1.79 | (1.22 to 2.64) | 0.003 | 1.32 | (0.87 to 1.99) | 0.191 | ||||||
Geographical zone | ||||||||||||
Hilly zone | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
Coastal zone | 1.03 | (0.62 to 1.72) | 0.905 | 1.12 | (0.65 to 1.94) | 0.68 | ||||||
Delta zone | 1.09 | (0.69 to 1.72) | 0.704 | 1.00 | (0.60 to 1.65) | 0.996 | ||||||
Central plain zone | 1.10 | (0.67 to 1.81) | 0.709 | 1.49 | (0.84 to 2.64) | 0.168 | ||||||
Household wealth status | ||||||||||||
Lowest quintile | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
Second lowest quintile | 1.13 | (0.75 to 1.71) | 0.563 | 1.21 | (0.80 to 1.82) | 0.367 | ||||||
Middle quintile | 1.10 | (0.70 to 1.73) | 0.682 | 1.06 | (0.68 to 1.65) | 0.802 | ||||||
Fourth quintile | 1.95 | (1.21 to 3.16) | 0.006 | 1.74 | (1.05 to 2.87) | 0.030 | ||||||
Highest quintile | 2.45 | (1.43 to 4.17) | 0.001 | 2.88 | (1.68 to 4.17) | <0.001 | ||||||
Maternal/partner factors | ||||||||||||
Mother’s current age (years) | ||||||||||||
Under 20 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
20–29 | 1.39 | (0.68 to 2.83) | 0.361 | 1.28 | (0.60 to 2.72) | 0.527 | 3.00 | (1.20 to 7.51) | 0.019 | 2.85 | (1.07 to 7.58) | 0.00 |
30–39 | 1.99 | (0.99 to 3.99) | 0.053 | 1.66 | (0.77 to 3.58) | 0.192 | 4.26 | (1.77 to 10.25) | 0.001 | 4.07 | (1.53 to 10.84) | 0.00 |
40 and over | 1.44 | (0.65 to 3.18) | 0.364 | 1.34 | (0.56 to 3.22) | 0.506 | 3.31 | (1.27 to 8.59) | 0.014 | 3.79 | (1.29 to 11.11) | 0.00 |
Mother’s education | ||||||||||||
No education/primary | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
Secondary or higher | 1.79 | (1.29 to 2.48) | 0.001 | 1.64 | (1.12 to 2.40) | 2.02 | (1.45 to 2.83) | <0.001 | 1.73 | (1.16 to 2.56) | ||
Mother’s working status | ||||||||||||
Not working | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
Agriculture-related work | 0.80 | (0.49 to 1.33) | 0.392 | 1.02 | (0.64 to 1.63) | 0.933 | ||||||
Non-agriculture related work | 1.10 | (0.78 to 1.55) | 0.601 | 1.12 | (0.79 to 1.61) | 0.520 | ||||||
Husband’s working status | ||||||||||||
Agriculture-related work | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
Non-agriculture related work | 1.41 | (0.99 to 1.99) | 0.054 | 1.22 | (0.84 to 1.76) | 0.282 | ||||||
Husband’s education | ||||||||||||
No education/primary | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
Secondary or higher | 1.41 | (1.05 to 1.90) | 0.023 | 1.52 | (1.13 to 2.04) | 0.005 | ||||||
Exposure to mass media | ||||||||||||
Reading newspaper or magazine | ||||||||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
Yes | 1.57 | (1.14 to 2.17) | 0.006 | 1.20 | (0.84 to 1.70) | 0.309 | 2.06 | (1.48 to 2.86) | <0.001 | 1.51 | (1.06 to 2.14) | 0.022 |
Listening to radio | ||||||||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
Yes | 0.98 | (0.69 to 1.40) | 0.913 | 1.31 | (0.93 to 1.85) | 0.119 | ||||||
Watching television | ||||||||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
Yes | 1.68 | (1.21 to 2.33) | 0.002 | 1.47 | (1.04 to 2.09) | 0.028 | 1.49 | (1.06 to 2.10) | 0.023 | 1.22 | (0.85 to 1.76) | 0.283 |
Birth history | ||||||||||||
Birth rank | ||||||||||||
4th birth rank and over | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
2nd–3rd birth rank | 1.30 | (0.88 to 1.92) | 0.19 | 1.42 | (0.91 to 1.99) | 0.082 | ||||||
1st birth rank | 1.09 | (0.72 to 1.65) | 0.689 | 1.58 | (0.87 to 2.05) | 0.045 | ||||||
Preceding birth interval | ||||||||||||
Birth interval >3 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
Birth interval <3 years | 1.97 | (1.33 to 2.90) | 0.001 | 1.71 | (1.15 to 2.54) | 0.008 | 1.81 | (1.21 to 2.71) | 0.004 | 1.47 | (0.97 to 2.22) | 0.070 |
First child | 1.49 | (0.99 to 2.23) | 0.056 | 1.26 | (0.80 to 2.00) | 0.320 | 1.67 | (1.06 to 2.58) | 0.020 | 1.47 | (0.90 to 2.40) | 0.121 |
Pregnancy, birth and postbirth care | ||||||||||||
Place of antenatal care | ||||||||||||
Home/other | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
Public health facility | 1.01 | (0.56 to 1.89) | 0.961 | 1.10 | (0.70 to 2.74) | 0.673 | ||||||
Private health facility | 0.81 | (0.44 to 1.48) | 0.491 | 1.11 | (0.60 to 2.07) | 0.731 | ||||||
Birth assistant | ||||||||||||
None/traditional birth attendants/other untrained | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
Health professional | 1.84 | (1.29 to 2.62) | 0.001 | 1.84 | (1.19 to 2.83) | 0.006 | 2.27 | (1.57 to 3.28) | <0.001 | 2.34 | (1.45 to 3.77) | 0.001 |
Place of birth | ||||||||||||
Non-health facility | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
Health facility | 1.15 | (0.82 to 1.61) | 0.414 | 0.65 | (0.42 to 1.03) | 0.064 | 1.13 | (0.80 to 1.60) | 0.482 | 0.55 | (0.34 to 0.88) | 0.013 |
Mode of birth | ||||||||||||
Non-caesarean section | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
Caesarean section | 0.92 | (0.62 to 1.36) | 0.684 | 1.24 | (0.85 to 1.79) | 0.263 | ||||||
Postnatal care | ||||||||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
Yes | 1.25 | (0.91 to 1.72) | 0.171 | 1.22 | (0.88 to 1.68) | 0.235 | 1.71 | (1.24 to 2.37) | 0.001 | 1.60 | (1.16 to 2.23) | 0.005 |
*Unadjusted risk ratio (RR).
†Adjusted risk ratio (aRR) and the risk ratio adjusted for all other variables in the table.
‡Confidence interval (CI).