Adjusted and unadjusted risk ratio for adequacy of antenatal care component, analysis of Myanmar Demographic and Health Survey, 2015–2016 (n=2943)
| Components of antenatal care | ||||||||||||
| Inadequate | Adequate | |||||||||||
| Study variables | RR* | 95% CI‡ | P value | aRR‡ | 95% CI‡ | P value | RR* | 95% CI‡ | P value | aRR‡ | 95% CI‡ | P value |
| Household factors | ||||||||||||
| Location of household | ||||||||||||
| Rural | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Urban | 2.31 | (1.30 to 4.08) | 0.004 | 1.80 | (0.90 to 3.61) | 0.099 | 7.31 | (4.06 to 13.17) | <0.001 | 4.86 | (2.44 to 9.68) | <0.001 |
| Geographical zone | ||||||||||||
| Hilly zone | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Coastal zone | 0.64 | (0.38 to 1.08) | 0.097 | 0.59 | (0.34 to 1.04) | 0.069 | 0.48 | (0.26 to 0.89) | 0.02 | 0.43 | (0.22 to 0.84) | 0.014 |
| Delta zone | 0.87 | (0.52 to 1.47) | 0.612 | 0.68 | (0.39 to 1.21) | 0.193 | 1.23 | (0.66 to 2.28) | 0.519 | 0.79 | (0.40 to 1.56) | 0.490 |
| Central plain zone | 0.70 | (0.44 to 1.10) | 0.121 | 0.57 | (0.34 to 0.95) | 0.032 | 0.71 | (0.40 to 1.25) | 0.236 | 0.53 | (0.28 to 1.02) | 0.058 |
| Household wealth status | ||||||||||||
| Lowest quintile | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| Second lowest quintile | 0.99 | (0.66 to 1.50) | 0.962 | 1.30 | (0.88 to 1.93) | 0.184 | ||||||
| Middle quintile | 1.26 | (0.80 to 2.97) | 0.323 | 1.76 | (1.12 to 2.75) | 0.014 | ||||||
| Fourth quintile | 1.66 | (0.95 to 2.89) | 0.077 | 3.53 | (2.12 to 5.88) | <0.001 | ||||||
| Highest quintile | 2.17 | (1.17 to 4.02) | 0.014 | 6.44 | (3.33 to 12.45) | <0.001 | ||||||
| Maternal/partner factors | ||||||||||||
| Mother’s current age (years) | ||||||||||||
| Under 20 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| 20–29 | 0.91 | (0.41 to 1.98) | 0.805 | 1.86 | (0.84 to 4.99) | 0.124 | ||||||
| 30–39 | 0.84 | (0.37 to 1.91) | 0.678 | 1.96 | (0.88 to 4.91) | 0.098 | ||||||
| 40 and over | 0.72 | (0.30 to 1.69) | 0.443 | 1.34 | (0.59 to 3.40) | 0.483 | ||||||
| Mother’s education | ||||||||||||
| No education/primary | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| Secondary or higher | 1.55 | (1.10 to 2.17) | 0.018 | 2.75 | (2.02 to 3.73) | <0.001 | ||||||
| Mother’s working status | ||||||||||||
| Not working | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Agriculture-related work | 0.74 | (0.48 to 1.14) | 0.17 | 0.79 | (0.49 to 1.26) | 0.319 | 0.44 | (0.28 to 0.68) | <0.001 | 0.64 | (0.40 to 1.04) | 0.070 |
| Non-agriculture related work | 0.78 | (0.57 to 1.08) | 0.131 | 0.73 | (0.52 to 1.03) | 0.072 | 0.67 | (0.48 to 0.93) | 0.017 | 0.62 | (0.43 to 0.90) | 0.011 |
| Husband’s working status | ||||||||||||
| Agriculture-related work | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| Non-agriculture related work | 1.68 | (1.22 to 2.31) | 0.002 | 3.01 | (2.18 to 4.16) | <0.001 | ||||||
| Husband’s education | ||||||||||||
| No education/primary | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| Secondary or higher | 1.21 | (0.87 to 1.68) | 0.264 | 2.12 | (1.56 to 2.90) | 0.074 | ||||||
| Exposure to mass media | ||||||||||||
| Reading newspaper or magazine | ||||||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.91 | (1.36 to 2.70) | <0.001 | 1.77 | (1.24 to 2.51) | 0.002 | 3.71 | (2.18 to 4.15) | <0.001 | 2.12 | (1.50 to 2.99) | <0.001 |
| Listening to radio | ||||||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 1.24 | (0.91 to 1.68) | 0.174 | 1.41 | (1.06 to 1.88) | 0.018 | ||||||
| Watching television | ||||||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 1.69 | (1.28 to 2.24) | <0.001 | 2.37 | (1.77 to 3.17) | <0.001 | ||||||
| Birth history | ||||||||||||
| Birth rank | ||||||||||||
| Fourth birth rank and over | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| 2nd–3rd birth rank | 1.32 | (0.93 to 1.86) | 0.122 | 1.91 | (1.37 to 2.66) | <0.001 | ||||||
| First birth rank | 1.30 | (0.88 to 1.91) | 0.186 | 2.03 | (1.43 to 2.88) | <0.001 | ||||||
| Preceding birth interval | ||||||||||||
| Birth interval >3 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| Birth interval <3 years | 0.82 | (0.53 to 1.26) | 0.368 | 0.97 | (0.63 to 1.50) | 0.905 | ||||||
| First child | 0.95 | (0.63 to 1.42) | 0.807 | 1.30 | (0.85 to 1.97) | 0.223 | ||||||
| Pregnancy, birth and postbirth care | ||||||||||||
| Place of antenatal care | ||||||||||||
| Home/other | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Public health facility | 1.92 | (1.37 to 2.69) | <0.001 | 1.61 | (1.11 to 2.34) | 0.012 | 3.77 | (2.55 to 5.57) | <0.001 | 2.37 | (1.54 to 3.65) | <0.001 |
| Private health facility | 2.80 | (1.53 to 5.14) | <0.001 | 1.65 | (0.87 to 3.13) | 0.125 | 7.88 | (4.22 to 14.74) | <0.001 | 2.24 | (1.24 to 4.42) | <0.020 |
| Birth assistant | ||||||||||||
| None/traditional birth attendants/other untrained | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Health professional | 1.91 | (1.43 to 2.57) | <0.001 | 1.65 | (1.19 to 2.30) | 0.003 | 5.42 | (3.93 to 7.48) | <0.001 | 3.38 | (2.38 to 4.81) | <0.001 |
| Place of birth | ||||||||||||
| Non-health facility | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| Health facility | 1.98 | (1.39 to 2.82) | <0.001 | 4.39 | (3.07 to 6.28) | <0.001 | ||||||
| Mode of birth | ||||||||||||
| Non-caesarean section | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| Caesarean section | 2.11 | (1.32 to 3.39) | 0.002 | 3.66 | (2.34 to 5.71) | <0.001 | ||||||
| Postnatal care | ||||||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.26 | (0.91 to 1.73) | 0.158 | 1.36 | (0.98 to 1.90) | 0.066 | 1.72 | (1.23 to 2.39) | 0.001 | 2.22 | (1.57 to 3.14) | <0.001 |
*Unadjusted risk ratio (RR).
†Adjusted risk ratio (aRR) and the risk ratio adjusted for all other variables in the table.
‡Confidence interval (CI).