Maternal and infant mortality and morbidity outcomes
| Control | Intervention | Risk difference (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | P value* | |
| Maternal mortality | 3 (<0.1%) | 2 (<0.1%) | – | – | – |
| Maternal morbidity† | 136 (18.7%) | 110 (13.4%) | −4.7% (-9.4% to 0.1%) | 0.68 (0.42 to 1.10) | 0.118 |
| Miscarriage | 16 (2.2%) | 13 (1.6%) | −0.2% (−1.3% to 0.8%) | 0.85 (0.30 to 2.38) | 0.751 |
| Stillbirth | 16 (2.2%) | 12 (1.5%) | −0.6% (−1.7 to 0.3%) | 0.64 (0.27 to 1.56) | 0.331 |
| Perinatal death‡ | 22 (3.1%) | 21 (2.6%) | −0.5% (−1.9% to 0.8%) | 0.83 (0.42 to 1.66) | 0.601 |
| Neonatal death | 6 (0.87%) | 9 (1.13%) | 0.2% (−0.6% to 0.7%) | 1.29 (0.39 to 4.29) | 0.674 |
| Infant death | 13 (1.9%) | 12 (1.5%) | −0.2% (−1.3% to 0.8%) | 0.83 (0.27 to 2.5) | 0.689 |
| Low birth weight | 118 (16.0%) | 157 (18.9%) | 1.9% (−1.6% to 5.6%) | 1.16 (0.70 to 1.90) | 0.570 |
| Infant morbidity§ | 132 (18.68%) | 118 (16.74%) | −3.9% (−8.6% to −0.3%) | 0.76 (0.51 to 1.15) | 0.194 |
*P value is for OR from mixed effect logistic regression.
†Maternal morbidity defined as any health condition attributed to and/or aggravated by pregnancy and childbirth that has a negative impact on the woman’s well-being, including the following complications: miscarriage (<28 weeks), stillbirth (>28 weeks), gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, eclampsia, postpartum infection, postpartum haemorrhage, or obstructed labour.
‡Perinatal deaths (first week of life), neonatal deaths (through 28th day of life), infant deaths (through first year of life).
§Infant morbidity defined as any health condition that affects mortality rate during the first-year of life including low birth weight (<2.5 kg), perinatal disorders (gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, eclampsia), infant immunisation adherence, exclusive breastfeeding, and delivery-related complications (obstructed labour, neonatal resuscitation).