Baseline characteristics for intention-to-treat population (74 clusters, n=1550)
| Control (N=728) | Intervention (N=822) | Overall (N=1550) | |
| N clusters | 37 | 37 | 74 |
| Total population | 198 288 | 226 930 | 45 218 |
| Women of reproductive age (15-49) | 45 433 | 47 279 | 92 712 |
| Geographic distribution | |||
| Rural | 33 | 32 | 65 |
| Peri-urban | 3 | 3 | 6 |
| Urban | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| CHV experience (years) | 11.73 (6.78) | 11.67 (6.13) | 11.69 (6.32) |
| Maternal age | 26.63 (6.21) | 27.10 (6.55) | 26.88 (6.40) |
| Gestational age (weeks) at enrolment, median (IQR) | 22 (18, 25) | 22 (18, 25) | 22 (18, 25) |
| Marital status | |||
| Divorced/separation | 11 (1.5%) | 17 (2.1%) | 28 (1.8%) |
| Married | 606 (83.2%) | 686 (83.5%) | 1292 (83.4%) |
| Single | 109 (15.0%) | 115 (14.0%) | 224 (14.5%) |
| Widowed | 2 (0.3%) | 4 (0.5%) | 6 (0.4%) |
| Maternal education | |||
| College or higher | 91 (12.5%) | 46 (5.6%) | 137 (8.8%) |
| Secondary or postprimary | 211 (29.0%) | 250 (30.4%) | 461 (29.7%) |
| Primary | 313 (43.0%) | 420 (51.1%) | 733 (47.3%) |
| Preprimary or none | 113 (15.5%) | 102 (12.4%) | 215 (13.9%) |
| Missing | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (0.5%) | 4 (0.3%) |
| Occupation | |||
| Contract/temporary worker | 49 (6.7%) | 48 (5.8%) | 97 (6.3%) |
| Permanently employed | 22 (3.0%) | 10 (1.2%) | 32 (2.1%) |
| Self-employed | 201 (27.6%) | 247 (30.0%) | 448 (28.9%) |
| Unemployed | 456 (62.6%) | 516 (62.8%) | 972 (62.7%) |
| Missing | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.1%) | 1 (0.1%) |
| Health insurance coverage at time of delivery | |||
| Yes | 412 (56.6%) | 519 (63.1%) | 931 (60.1%) |
| No | 285 (39.1%) | 285 (34.7%) | 570 (36.8%) |
| Missing | 31 (4.3%) | 18 (2.2%) | 49 (3.2%) |
| Poverty probability index score* | 56.79 (20.69) | 53.61 (19.45) | 55.13 (20.11) |
| % poverty likelihood at national poverty line | 22.6% | 25.7% | 24.6% |
| Subcounty | |||
| Cherangany | 229 (31.5%) | 211 (25.6%) | 440 (28.4%) |
| Kiminini | 145 (19.9%) | 172 (20.9%) | 317 (20.5%) |
| Kwanza | 193 (26.5%) | 216 (26.2%) | 409 (26.4%) |
| Saboti | 161 (22.1%) | 223 (27.1%) | 384 (24.8%) |
| Previously pregnant | 584 (80.2%) | 623 (75.8%) | 1207 (77.8%) |
| Parity | 2.29 (1.62) | 2.58 (1.57) | 2.35 (1.56) |
| Previous modern contraceptive use | |||
| Yes | 322 (55.1%) | 381 (61.2%) | 703 (58.2%) |
| No | 214 (36.6%) | 210 (33.7%) | 424 (35.1%) |
| Missing | 48 (8.2%) | 32 (5.1%) | 80 (6.6%) |
| Previous facility delivery | |||
| Yes | 228 (39.0%) | 279 (44.8%) | 507 (42.0%) |
| No | 162 (27.7%) | 161 (25.8%) | 323 (26.8%) |
| Missing | 194 (33.2%) | 183 (29.4%) | 377 (31.2%) |
| Total ANC visits in previous pregnancy | |||
| 0 | 6 (1.0%) | 21 (3.4%) | 27 (2.2%) |
| 1 | 18 (3.1%) | 22 (3.5%) | 40 (3.3%) |
| 2 | 29 (5.0%) | 39 (6.3%) | 68 (5.6%) |
| 3 | 119 (20.4%) | 128 (20.5%) | 247 (20.5%) |
| 4 | 135 (23.1%) | 172 (27.6%) | 307 (25.4%) |
| >4 | 74 (12.7%) | 54 (8.7%) | 128 (10.6%) |
| Missing | 203 (34.8%) | 187 (30.0%) | 390 (32.3%) |
| Previous† | |||
| Miscarriage | 23 (3.9%) | 26 (4.2%) | 49 (4.1%) |
| Stillbirth | 9 (1.5%) | 16 (2.6%) | 25 (2.1%) |
| Neonatal death | 8 (1.4%) | 5 (0.8%) | 13 (1.1%) |
| Infant death | 8 (1.4%) | 5 (0.8%) | 13 (1.1%) |
| Child death under 5 | 6 (1.0%) | 2 (0.3%) | 8 (0.7%) |
| Child death over 5 | 3 (0.5%) | 2 (0.3%) | 5 (0.4%) |
*Scores and % poverty likelihood calculated using validated 2015 Kenya Poverty Probability Index.
†Miscarriage (up to 28 weeks gestation); stillbirth (after 28 weeks gestation); neonatal death (0–28 days old); infant death (1–12 months old); child death (1–5 years old).
ANC, antenatal care; CHV, community health volunteer.