Characteristics of included studies
| Author(s) and year of publication | Study design | Country | Study setting | Funding | Conflict of interest | Mental health condition reported after snakebite (including envenomation status) |
| CASE REPORTS | ||||||
| Ali 194811 | Case report | Bangladesh | 40-year-old woman seen in community (home-visit) in a rural area | Not reported | Not reported | Hysteria (non-convulsive) after snakebite envenoming |
| Adogu et al, 199212 | Case report | Nigeria | 17-year-old woman admitted in emergency department of a hospital | Not reported | Not reported | Hysterical paralysis of limb after snakebite (unidentified) envenoming |
| Mehrpour et al 201814 | Case report | Iran | 19-year-old man soldier admitted in emergency department of a hospital | Not reported | Authors declared no competing interests. | Visual hallucination (psychiatric symptom only with no cause identified) after Adder envenoming |
| Ratnakaran et al, 201613 | Case report | India | 42-year-old man who attended skin outpatient department initially | No funding | Authors declared no competing interests. | Organic delusional (schizophrenia-like) disorder (ICD-10). psychosis in clear consciousness following a secondary empty Sella syndrome as the sequelae of a Russel’s Viper envenoming |
| OTHER PRIMARY STUDIES | ||||||
| Williams et al, 201116 | Case–control | Sri Lanka | Rural area with predominantly agricultural population in an area with high snakebites | South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration | Authors declared no competing interests. | Depression; PTSD after snakebite envenoming |
| Khosrojerdi and Amini, 201317 | Cohort | Iran | Hospital based in a medical toxicology centre | No funding | Authors declared no competing interests. | Acute stress disorder; PTSD after snakebite, irrespective of envenomation status (90.5% received snake anti-venom) |
| Wijesinghe et al, 201515 | Randomised Controlled Trial | Sri Lanka | Predominantly rural agricultural population in an area with highest numbers of reported snakebites | South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration | Authors declared no competing interests. | Depression; Psychosocial disability; PTSD after snakebite envenoming |
| Muhammed et al, 201718 | Cross-sectional | Nigeria | Regional snakebite reference centre in a hospital within the Sudan savannah vegetation of the Benue river valley and known for carpet vipers’ envenomation. | Nigerian Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme | Authors declared no competing interests. | Depression after snakebite envenoming (inferred as all patients had received anti-venom) |
| Rahman et al, 201819 | Cross-sectional | Bangladesh | Hilly area with predominantly tribal population | Not mentioned | Not reported | Psychiatric manifestations (in general); PTSD; Depression after snakebite, irrespective of envenomation status (34.7% received snake anti-venom) |
| Habib et al, 202021 | Cohort | Nigeria | General Hospital in an insurgency prone area. The hospital is in a semi-urban town that serves as the headquarters to the Local Government Area. | Not reported | Authors declared no competing interests. | Psychosocial impairment, PTSD after snakebite, irrespective of envenomation status (93% received snake antivenom) |
| MODELLING STUDY | ||||||
| Halilu et al, 201920 | Modelling | 41 sub-Saharan African countries | 41 sub-Saharan African countries | Not reported | Not reported | PTSD after snakebite envenoming |
PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder.