Table 4

Progressivity, pure horizontal equity and reranking associated with the Chinese healthcare financing system in 2013

Income quintiles/index	Per capita household expenditure		Indirect tax		Direct tax		UEBMI†	URBMI‡	NRCMS§	OOP payment		Total
Income quintiles/index	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural	UEBMI†	URBMI‡	NRCMS§	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural
Gini/CI	0.2739^**	0.3392^**	0.2563^**	0.3210^**	0.5024^**	0.5571^**	0.2777^**	−0.2702^**	−0.0209^**	0.3502^**	0.4360^**	0.3149^**	0.4127^**
95% CI	(0.2620 to 0.2859)	(0.3282 to 0.3501)	(0.2435 to 0.2691)	(0.3109 to 0.3310)	(0.3781 to 0.6268)	(0.4649 to 0.6492)	(0.2565 to 0.2988)	(−0.3134 to –0.2270)	(−0.0287 to –0.0132)	(0.2849 to 0.4156)	(0.3534 to 0.5187)	(0.2755 to 0.3542)	(0.3389 to 0.4866)
KI			−0.0177^**	−0.0182^**	0.2285^**	0.2179^**	0.0037	−0.5441^**	−0.3601^**	0.0763*	0.0969*	0.0409*	0.0736^**
95% CI			(−0.0245 to –0.0109)	(−0.0273 to –0.0091)	(0.1095 to 0.3474)	(0.1287 to 0.3072)	(−0.0187 to 0.0262)	(−0.5888 to –0.4995)	(−0.3740 to –0.3462)	(0.0138 to 0.1388)	(0.0198 to 0.1740)	(0.0046 to 0.0772)	(0.0054 to 0.1418)
g			0.004831	0.005025	0.003183	0.002244	0.051526	0.003095	0.005390	0.096436	0.106196	0.159070	0.118856
V			−0.000054	−0.000068	0.000721	0.000512	0.000562	−0.001713	−0.001952	0.009450	0.012458	0.009548	0.010936
H			0.000033	0.000024	0.000066	0.000033	0.001123	−0.000005	0.000000	0.004776	0.002512	0.005979	0.002592
R			0.000000	0.000000	0.000056	0.000015	0.000149	0.000000	0.000000	0.012186	0.011150	0.013067	0.011266
RE			−0.000086	−0.000092	0.000599	0.000463	−0.000710	−0.001708	−0.001953	−0.007512	−0.001204	−0.009498	−0.002921
RE/RE (%)			100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00
V/RE (%)			62.22	73.84	120.30	110.47	−79.13	100.29	99.98	−125.79	−1034.41	−100.52	−374.39
H/RE (%)			−37.78	−26.16	10.95	7.13	−158.14	0.31	−0.02	−63.57	−208.58	−62.95	−88.73
R/RE (%)			0.00	0.00	9.35	3.34	−20.99	−0.02	0.00	−162.21	−925.83	−137.58	−385.67

*P<0.05, **p<0.01.
†UEBMI was exclusively implemented in urban areas.
‡URBMI was exclusively implemented in urban areas.
§NRCMS was exclusively implemented in rural areas.
CI, Concentration Index; g, payments as fraction of income; H, horizontal inequity; KI, Kakwani Index; KI, Kakwani Index; NRCMS, New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme; OOP, out of pocket; R, reranking; RE, total redistributive effect; UEBMI, Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance; URBMI, Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance; V, vertical redistribution effect.