Income quintiles/index | Per capita household expenditure | Indirect tax | Direct tax | UEBMI† | NRCMS‡ | OOP payment | Total | |||||
Urban | Rural | Urban | Rural | Urban | Rural | Urban | Rural | Urban | Rural | |||
Gini/CI | 0.2874** | 0.3061** | 0.2661** | 0.2875** | 0.7360** | 0.8981** | 0.2546** | 0.1405** | 0.3577** | 0.3764** | 0.3077** | 0.3634** |
95% CI | (0.2698 to 03050) | (0.2953 to 0.3169) | (0.2516 to 0.2807) | (0.2773 to 0.2977) | (0.5521 to 0.9199) | (0.5690 to 1.2273) | (0.2281 to 0.2811) | (0.1094 to 0.1717) | (0.1526 to 0.5627) | (0.3132 to 0.4396) | (0.2053 to 0.4101) | (0.3052 to 0.4217) |
KI | −0.0213** | −0.0186** | 0.4486** | 0.5921** | −0.0328* | −0.1656** | 0.0703 | 0.0703* | 0.0203 | 0.0574* | ||
95% CI | (−0.0354 to –0.0071) | (−0.0262 to –0.0110) | (0.2708 to 0.6265) | (0.2658 to 0.9184) | (−0.0601 to –0.0055) | (−0.1963 to –0.1348) | (−0.1250 to 0.2655) | (0.0117 to 0.1290) | (−0.0721 to 0.1126) | (0.0037 to 0.1110) | ||
g | 0.003961 | 0.003886 | 0.000568 | 0.000141 | 0.061934 | 0.005741 | 0.067174 | 0.115690 | 0.133835 | 0.125458 | ||
V | −0.000061 | −0.000054 | 0.000263 | 0.000086 | −0.001768 | −0.000940 | 0.005529 | 0.009940 | 0.004102 | 0.009019 | ||
H | 0.000024 | 0.000019 | 0.000008 | 0.000003 | 0.000726 | 0.000026 | 0.001926 | 0.002889 | 0.002688 | 0.002965 | ||
R | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.000205 | 0.000001 | 0.005285 | 0.010473 | 0.005792 | 0.010627 | ||
RE | −0.000085 | −0.000073 | 0.000254 | 0.000083 | −0.002698 | −0.000967 | −0.001682 | −0.003422 | −0.004377 | −0.004573 | ||
RE/RE (%) | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | ||
V/RE (%) | 72.18 | 73.88 | 103.32 | 103.05 | 65.51 | 97.23 | −328.75 | −290.49 | −93.72 | −197.24 | ||
H/RE (%) | −27.82 | −26.12 | 3.32 | 3.05 | −26.91 | −2.65 | −114.50 | −84.42 | −61.41 | −64.84 | ||
R/RE (%) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −7.58 | −0.12 | −314.25 | −306.06 | −132.31 | −232.40 |
*P<0.05, **p<0.01.
†UEBMI was exclusively implemented in urban areas.
‡NRCMS was exclusively implemented in rural areas.
CI, Concentration Index; g, payments as fraction of income; H, horizontal inequity; KI, Kakwani Index; NRCMS, New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme; OOP, out of pocket; R, reranking; RE, total redistributive effect; UEBMI, Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance; V, vertical redistribution effect.