Selection and characteristics of the study samples
| Survey, year | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 |
| Number of clusters or villages, n | 445 | 462 | 492 | 492 |
| Number of households, n | 9696 | 10 272 | 12 540 | 12 699 |
| Women | ||||
| Number of women (aged 15–49 years), n | 10 421 | 11 321 | 13 671 | 13 497 |
| Proportion with 1+ birth within 5 years of the survey, % (95% CI) | 49.3 (48.1 to 50.6) | 47.9 (46.7 to 49.1) | 46.8 (45.8 to 47.9) | 44.9 (43.7 to 46.0) |
| Maternal education, % (95% CI) | ||||
| No education | 29.4 (27.8 to 31.0) | 23.4 (22.2 to 24.5) | 15.5 (14.6 to 16.4) | 12.3 (11.6 to 13.1) |
| Any primary | 59.9 (58.5 to 61.3) | 67.1 (65.9 to 68.2) | 68.3 (67.1 to 69.4) | 64.3 (63.0 to 65.5) |
| Any secondary or higher | 10.6 (9.0 to 12.2) | 9.6 (8.6 to 10.5) | 16.2 (14.9 to 17.4) | 23.4 (21.9 to 24.7) |
| Children under 5 | ||||
| Number of children, n | 7922 | 8649 | 9002 | 7856 |
| Children who had diarrhoea in the 2 weeks prior to the survey, % (95% CI) | 17.2 (16.1 to 18.3) | 14.4 (13.4 to 15.3) | 13.2 (12.4 to 14.1) | 11.6 (10.8 to 12.5) |
| Children who had symptoms suggestive of pneumonia/ARI in the 2 weeks prior to the survey, % (95% CI) | 18.2 (17.0 to 19.4) | 15.4 (14.2 to 16.4) | 3.5 (3.1 to 3.9) | 5.4 (4.7 to 5.9) |
| Children who had fever in the 2 weeks prior to the survey, % (95% CI) | 30.3 (28.7 to 31.8) | 26.2 (24.7 to 27.7) | 15.8 (14.8 to 16.6) | 18.7 (17.5 to 19.9) |
| Crude coverage | ||||
| Antenatal care (ANC) and facility delivery, mean (range)* | 18.0% (10.4%–25.7%) | 21.3% (13.4%–29.3%) | 53.7% (35.5%–71.9%) | 67.3% (43.9%–90.7%) |
| Child health services, mean (range)† | 13.9% (12.4%–15.6%) | 23.7% (14.3%–28.7%) | 43.7% (37.3%–50.4%) | 49.2% (43.6%–53.9%) |
| Overall MCH service coverage, mean (range)‡ | 15.6% (10.4%–25.7%) | 22.7% (13.4%–29.3%) | 47.7% (35.5%–71.9%) | 56.5% (43.6%–90.7%) |
| Effective coverage | ||||
| ANC and delivery, mean (range)§ | (–) | (–) | 11.8% (8.8%–14.9%) | 30.1% (19.9%–40.2%) |
| Child health services, mean (range)¶ | (–) | (–) | 27.7% (19.1%–37.7%) | 35.3% (27.3%–44.2%) |
| Overall MCH services, mean (range)** | (–) | (–) | 21.3% (8.8%–37.7%) | 33.2% (19.9%–44.2%) |
(–)Data not available in Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey on some aspect of quality indicators used to estimate effective coverage, for example, information on postpartum check-up and child pneumonia treatment not available before 2010.
*Average of ANC 4+ and facility delivery, and the range from minimum to maximum across estimates.
†Average of care seeking for child diarrhoea, pneumonia and fever, and the range from minimum to maximum across estimates.
‡Average of ANC 4+, facility delivery, and care seeking for child diarrhoea, pneumonia and fever, and the range from minimum to maximum across estimates.
§Average effective coverage for ANC and facility delivery, and the range from minimum to maximum across estimates.
¶Average effective coverage for child diarrhoea, pneumonia and fever, and the range from minimum to maximum across estimates.
**Average effective coverage for ANC, facility delivery, and child diarrhoea, pneumonia and fever, and the range from minimum to maximum across estimates.
ARI, acute respiratory infection; MCH, maternal and child health.