Table 3

Multilevel multivariable logistic regression of viral suppression by age group

Characteristics	Young adolescents(10–4 years)			Older adolescents (15–19 years)			Young adults(20–24 years)			Equality of coefficient (p value)
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
	OR	aOR	aOR	OR	aOR	aOR	OR	aOR	aOR
Level 1: Individuals
Sex										1.12 (0.33)
Female
Male		0.73	0.73		0.69*	0.69*		0.93	0.94
Marital status										0.67 (0.51)
Single
Married		1.77	1.77		1.74*	1.7*		1.36	1.35
Others		1.23	1.23		1.44	1.4		1.03	1.03
Education level										0.02 (0.98)
None/informal
Primary		0.85	0.85		0.73	0.73		0.69	0.69
Secondary and higher		0.82	0.82		0.76	0.76		0.74	0.73
Year of ART initiation										0.70 (0.49)
2015
2016		1.54	1.54		0.81	0.81		1.13	1.15
2017		1.43	1.40		0.99	0.99		1.02	1.04
WHO stage										0.21 (0.81)
1
2		0.79	0.79		0.79	0.80		1.04	1.04
3		1.73	1.73		0.69	0.70		0.78	0.78
4		0.60	0.60		0.82	0.80		0.87	0.90
Baseline immunosuppression										0.14 (0.87)
None (CD4 ≥500 cells/mL)
Mild (CD4 ≥350–499 cells/mL)		1.18	1.10		0.82	0.82		0.91	0.91
Advanced (CD4 ≥200–349 cells/mL)		0.89	0.89		0.69	0.69		0.70	0.70
Severe (CD4 <200 cells/mL)		0.64	0.64		0.55*	0.54 *		0.55*	0.55 **
Baseline TB status										0.22 (0.80)
No signs or symptoms of TB
Presumptive or confirmed TB		0.69	0.69		1.19	1.18		1.160	1.19
On IPT		0.83	0.83		0.77	0.79		0.89	0.92
ART regimen at baseline										0.58 (0.56)
ABC or AZT/3TC/ ATVr or LPVr
ABC or AZT/3TC/ EFV or NVP		2.19	2.19		1.46	1.47		3.19	3.20
TDF/3TC/EFV or NVP		3.66	3.66		3.49	3.55		6.40*	6.47*
TDF/3TC/ATVr or LPVr		0.15	0.15		2.25	2.27		0.74	0.81
Others		0.99	0.99		1.31	1.34		5.20	5.40
Continuity of care										0.10 (0.90)
Retained
LTF		0.35	0.35		0.19**	0.19**		0.35**	0.35**
Interrupted care		0.40**	0.42**		0.41**	0.41**		0.42**	0.42**
Level 2: Health facility
Level of care										0.39 (0.68)
Secondary
Tertiary			0.90			0.90			0.80
Patient volume (AYLHIV)										0.12 (0.89)
<200
200–400			1.24			1.02			1.14
>500			0.77			0.89			0.93
Designated AYFS facility										0.91 (0.40)
No
Yes			1.33			0.92			1.06
Viral load testing coverage			0.99			1.00			1.10	1.57 (0.21)
Random effects model
Health facility level
Variance estimate (facility level)	0.39*	0.38*	0.32	0.49**	0.44**	0.44**	0.34**	0.29**	0.28**
Explained variation (%)	Ref	2.56*	15.79†	Ref	10.20‡	0.00§	Ref	14.71¶	3.45**
Intra-facility ICC	0.11	0.10	0.09	0.13	0.12	0.12	0.09	0.08	0.08

Model 1 is the null model; baseline model without any variable.
Model 2 is model adjusted for individual-level variables.
Model 3 is additionally adjusted for facility-level covariates.
*p<0.05; **p<0.00.
*Explained facility-level variance due to individual factors alone=(0.39–0.38)/0.39=2.56%.
†Explained facility-level variance due to facility characteristics=(0.38–0.32)/0.38=15.79%.
‡Explained facility-level variance due to individual factors=(049–044)/0.49=10.2%.
§Explained facility-level variance due to facility characteristics=(0.44–0.44)/0.44=0%.
¶Explained facility-level variance due to individual factors alone=(0.34–0.29)/0.34=14.71%.
**Explained facility-level variance due to facility characteristics=(0.29–0.28)/0.29=3.45%.
aOR, adjusted OR; ART, antiretroviral therapy; AYFS, Adolescent and Youth Friendly Services; ICC, Intracluster correlation; IPT, Isoniazide Preventive Therapy; LTF, lost to follow-up; TB, tuberculosis.