Table 4

Multilevel analysis result on the risk of underweight among under-5 children in sub-Sahara

Variables	Model I	Model II	Model III	Model IV	Model V	Model VI
Variables	OR (CrI)	OR (CrI)	OR (CrI)	OR (CrI)	OR (CrI)	OR (CrI)
Regional polygyny prevalence (%)		1.007 (1.002, 1.012)^**	1.005 (1.000, 1.009)^*	1.006 (1.001, 1.010)^*	1.002 (0.997, 1.00)	1.003 (0.997, 1.00)
Family structure
Polygynous		1.042 (0.977, 1.11)	1.041 (0.976, 1.11)	1.044 (0.982, 1.11)	1.042 (0.979, 1.10)	0.954 (0.833, 1.09)
Cohabiting		1.032 (0.971, 1.09)	1.033 (0.974, 1.09)	1.035 (0.973, 1.10)	1.031 (0.970, 1.09)	1.160 (1.020, 1.32)^*
Single mother		1.138 (1.076, 1.20)^***	1.138 (1.076, 1.20)^***	1.145 (1.081, 1.21)^***	1.141 (1.078, 1.20)^***	1.104 (1.002, 1.21)^*
Household size		1.013 (1.008, 1.01)^***	1.013 (1.008, 1.01)^***	1.013 (1.008, 1.01)^***	1.014 (1.008, 1.01)^***	1.014 (1.009, 1.01)^***
Wealth Index (poorer as ref)
Average quantile		0.773 (0.738, 0.81)^***	0.775 (0.742, 0.81)^***	0.773 (0.739, 0.80)^***	0.774 (0.741, 0.80)^***	0.773 (0.738, 0.80)^***
Richer		0.477 (0.451, 0.50)^***	0.482 (0.458, 0.50)^***	0.477 (0.454, 0.50)^***	0.481 (0.457, 0.50)^***	0.479 (0.455, 0.50)^***
Religion (non-Muslim as ref)		1.137 (1.062, 1.21)^***	1.153 (1.074, 1.23)^***	1.140 (1.064, 1.22)^***	1.148 (1.068, 1.23)^***	1.128 (1.051, 1.21)^***
Mothers years of education		0.990 (0.981, 1.00)^*	0.990 (0.982, 0.99)^*	0.990 (0.982, 0.99)^*	0.990 (0.982, 0.99)^*	0.990 (0.982, 0.99)^*
Maternal age at birth (20–34 years as ref)
<20		1.118 (1.040, 1.20)^**	1.117 (1.040, 1.20)^**	1.116 (1.037, 1.20)^**	1.117 (1.038, 1.20)^**	1.116 (1.040, 1.19)^**
35+		0.961 (0.907, 1.01)	0.958 (0.905, 1.01)	0.961 (0.904, 1.02)	0.961 (0.906, 1.02)	0.963 (0.908, 1.02)
Preceding birth interval (1st born as ref)
<24 months		1.193 (1.116, 1.27)^***	1.188 (1.108, 1.27)^***	1.192 (1.118, 1.27)^***	1.192 (1.118, 1.27)^***	1.185 (1.108, 1.26)^***
24+ months		0.928 (0.880, 0.98)^**	0.925 (0.873, 0.97)^**	0.928 (0.880, 0.97)^**	0.928 (0.877, 0.98)^**	0.926 (0.876, 0.97)^**
Sibship size		0.995 (0.990, 1.00)	0.996 (0.991, 1.00)	0.995 (0.991, 1.00)	0.996 (0.991, 1.00)	0.996 (0.991, 1.00)
Female kid		0.829 (0.800, 0.85)^***	0.829 (0.799, 0.86)^***	0.829 (0.800, 0.85)^***	0.829 (0.800, 0.85)^***	0.828 (0.798, 0.85)^***
Birth order		1.021 (1.008, 1.03)^**	1.022 (1.009, 1.03)^**	1.021 (1.007, 1.03)^**	1.020 (1.008, 1.03)^**	1.019 (1.006, 1.03)^**
Multibirth		2.378 (2.198, 2.57)^***	2.373 (2.185, 2.57)^***	2.379 (2.198, 2.57)^***	2.380 (2.195, 2.58)^***	2.378 (2.196, 2.57)^***
Rurality			1.002 (1.000, 1.00)		1.004 (1.001, 1.00)^**	1.004 (1.003, 1.00)^***
Access to electricity			0.996 (0.993, 1.00)^*		0.999 (0.995, 1.00)	1.001 (0.999, 1.00)
Gender-based inequality				0.848 (0.747, 0.96)^*	0.859 (0.767, 0.96)^**	0.885 (0.806, 0.97)^*
Cross-level interaction terms
Polygynous^* regional % of polygyny						1.003 (0.999, 1.00)
Cohabiting^* regional % of polygyny						0.993 (0.986, 1.00)^*
Single mother^* regional % of polygyny						1.002 (0.998, 1.00)
Human Development Index (lowest as ref)
Average HDI						0.526 (0.463, 0.59)^***
High HDI						0.765 (0.657, 0.89)^***
Study year						1.090 (1.090, 1.09)^***
Regions—var(cons)	1.584 (1.467, 1.70)^***	1.395 (1.310, 1.48)^***	1.376 (1.297, 1.45)^***	1.391 (1.309, 1.47)^***	1.374 (1.296, 1.45)^***	1.271 (1.215, 1.33)^***
VPC (%)	26.0 (25.2, 27.7)	24.5 (23.4, 25.6)	24.2 (23.1, 25.4)	24.4 (23.4, 25.4)	24.2 (23.1, 43.4)	22.8 (22.1, 23.7)
Family—var(cons)	1.121 (1.084, 1.15)^***	1.002 (1.002, 1.00)^***	1.003 (1.001, 1.00)^***	1.005 (1.000, 1.01)^*	1.001 (1.001, 1.00)^***	1.002 (1.001, 1.00)^***
VPC (%)	45.6 (43.6, 46.6)	42.1 (41.2, 43.0)	41.9 (41.0, 42.8)	42.1 (41.2, 42.9)	41.9 (41.0, 56.6)	40.8 (40.3, 41.4)

*p<0.05, ^**p<0.01, ^***p< 0.001.
CrI, credible interval; VPC, variance partition coefficient.