Table 1

Average annual rate of change (AARC) in prevalence of underweight, anaemia, anaemia during pregnancy, overweight and obesity by woman’s age, residence, wealth and education for countries with at least two surveys in the period 1993–2017 (in percentage points†)

	Underweight percentage points (95% CI) n=96 surveys ‡		Anaemia percentage points (95% CI) n=52 surveys§		Anaemia pregnancy percentage points (95% CI) n=39–52 surveys¶		Overweight percentage points (95% CI) n=96 surveys‡		Obesity percentage points (95% CI) n=96 surveys‡
SSA
Age
15–19 years	0.00	(−0.02 to 0.05)	−0.46^*	(−0.85 to −0.07)	−0.90^*	(−1.52 to −0.29)	0.23**	(0.15 to 0.31)	0.03	(−0.01 to 0.07)
20–49 years	−0.19**	(−0.26 to −0.12)	−0.67**	(−1.06 to −0.28)	−0.79^*	(−1.31 to −0.27)	0.49**	(0.42 to 0.56)	0.36**	(0.30 to 0.42)
Residence
Capital/largest city	−0.13**	(−0.20 to −0.06)	−0.62^*	(−1.11 to −0.13)	−0.78	(−1.67 to 0.11)	0.31**	(0.20 to 0.42)	0.47**	(0.39 to 0.55)
Other Urban area	−0.19**	(−0.25 to −0.13)	−0.61**	(−0.96 to −0.26)	−0.92^*	(−1.59 to −0.24)	0.37**	(0.28 to 0.46)	0.34**	(0.28 to 0.40)
Rural area	−0.18**	(−0.24 to −0.12)	−0.65^*	(−1.08 to −0.22)	−0.73^*	(−1.24 to −0.23)	0.35**	(0.29 to 0.41)	0.16**	(0.12 to 0.20)
Wealth
Poorest (Q1)	−0.11^*	(−0.22 to 0.00)	−0.50^*	(−0.97 to −0.03)	−0.48	(−1.02 to 0.07)	0.22**	(0.15 to 0.28)	0.06^*	(0.03 to 0.09)
Richest (Q5)	−0.15**	(−0.20 to −0.10)	−0.55^*	(−0.90 to −0.19)	−0.97^*	(−1.60 to −0.34)	0.31**	(0.24 to 0.39)	0.46**	(0.39 to 0.53)
Education
None	−0.09	(−0.19 to 0.01)	−0.60^*	(−1.05 to −0.15)	−0.84^*	(−1.56 to −0.13)	0.39**	(0.28 to 0.50)	0.22**	(0.16 to 0.28)
Primary	−0.14**	(−0.21 to −0.08)	−0.58^*	(−1.01 to −0.15)	−0.70^*	(−1.23 to −0.17)	0.33**	(0.24 to 0.41)	0.27**	(0.21 to 0.33)
Secondary or more	−0.17**	(−0.24 to −0.10)	−0.55^*	(−0.94 to −0.16)	−0.36	(−1.04 to 0.31)	0.06	(−0.04 to 0.16)	0.15**	(0.07 to 0.23)
Total	−0.14**	(−0.17 to −0.11)	−0.56**	(−0.66 to −0.47)	−0.74**	(−0.89 to −0.60)	0.34**	(0.30 to 0.39)	0.24**	(0.20 to 0.27)
ESA
Age
15–19 years	0.00	(−0.05 to 0.05)	−0.37	(−0.96 to 0.22)	−0.61	(−1.37 to 0.15)	0.21**	(0.12 to 0.30)	0.03^*	(0.00 to 0.06)
20–49 years	−0.09^*	(−0.18 to 0.00)	−0.64^*	(−1.23 to −0.05)	−0.50	(−1.22 to 0.23)	0.43**	(0.35 to 0.51)	0.32**	(0.26 to 0.38)
Residence
Capital/largest city	−0.01	(−0.07 to 0.05)	−0.54	(−1.25 to 0.17)	0.25	(−0.77 to 1.28)	0.29**	(0.14 to 0.44)	0.48**	(0.37 to 0.59)
Other Urban area	−0.08^*	(−0.15 to 0.00)	−0.45^*	(−0.86 to −0.04)	−0.30	(−1.10 to 0.50)	0.34**	(0.20 to 0.48)	0.31**	(0.23 to 0.39)
Rural area	−0.09^*	(−0.17 to −0.02)	−0.61	(−1.24 to 0.02)	−0.51	(−1.23 to 0.22)	0.31**	(0.24 to 0.38)	0.16**	(0.12 to 0.20)
Wealth
Poorest (Q1)	0.08	(−0.04 to 0.20)	−0.37	(−1.10 to 0.36)	−0.35	(−1.18 to 0.48)	0.13**	(0.07 to 0.19)	0.04^*	(0.01 to 0.06)
Richest (Q5)	−0.09^*	(−0.16 to −0.02)	−0.38	(−0.79 to 0.04)	−0.14	(−0.83 to 0.54)	0.31**	(0.20 to 0.42)	0.46**	(0.37 to 0.56)
Education
None	0.09	(−0.06 to 0.25)	−0.59	(−1.28 to 0.10)	−0.57	(−1.70 to 0.56)	0.33^*	(0.14 to 0.52)	0.19**	(0.12 to 0.26)
Primary	−0.06	(−0.14 to 0.02)	−0.56	(−1.18 to 0.05)	−0.48	(−1.19 to 0.24)	0.32**	(0.24 to 0.40)	0.20**	(0.14 to 0.26)
Secondary or more	−0.08^*	(−0.14 to −0.02)	−0.33	(−0.86 to 0.20)	−0.03	(−0.81 to 0.75)	0.13	(−0.02 to 0.28)	0.24**	(0.17 to 0.32)
Total	−0.06^*	(−0.11 to 0.00)	−0.48**	(−0.62 to −0.34)	−0.39**	(−0.58 to −0.20)	0.31**	(0.25 to 0.37)	0.22**	(0.17 to 0.27)
WCA
Age
15–19 years	0.03	(−0.02 to 0.08)	−0.53^*	(−1.02 to −0.04)	−1.02^*	(−1.92 to −0.12)	0.24**	(0.10 to 0.38)	0.03	(−0.03 to 0.10)
20–49 years	−0.28**	(−0.37 to −0.19)	−0.70^*	(−1.21 to −0.19)	−1.04^*	(−1.73 to −0.35)	0.55**	(0.44 to 0.66)	0.39**	(0.28 to 0.50)
Residence
Capital/largest city	−0.23**	(−0.33 to −0.13)	−0.60	(−1.25 to 0.05)	−1.01	(−2.17 to 0.15)	0.32**	(0.17 to 0.47)	0.45**	(0.33 to 0.57)
Other Urban area	−0.29**	(−0.37 to −0.21)	−0.75^*	(−1.28 to −0.22)	−1.27^*	(−2.07 to −0.47)	0.39**	(0.28 to 0.50)	0.36**	(0.26 to 0.46)
Rural area	−0.26**	(−0.36 to −0.16)	−0.68^*	(−1.25 to −0.11)	−0.92^*	(−1.58 to −0.25)	0.40**	(0.29 to 0.51)	0.16**	(0.09 to 0.23)
Wealth
Poorest (Q1)	−0.28**	(−0.44 to −0.13)	−0.61^*	(−1.19 to −0.04)	−0.63	(−1.30 to 0.05)	0.31**	(0.20 to 0.42)	0.09^*	(0.03 to 0.15)
Richest (Q5)	−0.21**	(−0.28 to −0.15)	−0.64^*	(−1.20 to −0.09)	−1.39^*	(−2.24 to −0.54)	0.32**	(0.21 to 0.43)	0.45**	(0.34 to 0.57)
Education
None	−0.26**	(−0.35 to −0.17)	−0.60^*	(−1.15 to −0.05)	−1.00^*	(−1.87 to −0.13)	0.44**	(0.33 to 0.55)	0.25**	(0.15 to 0.35)
Primary	−0.21**	(−0.30 to −0.12)	−0.57	(−1.16 to 0.01)	0.91^*	(0.17 to 1.64)	0.34**	(0.19 to 0.48)	0.32**	(0.22 to 0.43)
Secondary or more	−0.24**	(−0.35 to −0.13)	−0.68^*	(−1.26 to −0.11)	−0.88	(−1.85 to 0.08)	0.00	(−0.14 to 0.14)	0.06	(−0.06 to 0.18)
Total	−0.21**	(−0.26 to −0.17)	−0.65**	(−0.77 to −0.53)	−1.07**	(−1.27 to −0.87)	0.38**	(0.31 to 0.44)	0.25**	(0.21 to 0.30)

*P<0.05, **P<0.001.
†AARC in percentage points: 1 percentage point corresponds to a 1% average increase in the prevalence of the nutritional outcome among the subgroup of women each year.
‡30 countries with two or more surveys in SSA region between 1993 and 2017: 13 ESA countries and 17 WCA countries.
§20 countries with two or more surveys in SSA region between 2000 and 2017: 9 ESA countries and 11 WCA countries.
¶18–20 countries with two or more surveys in SSA region between 2000 and 2017: 7–9 countries in ESA and 11 countries in WCA.
ESA, Eastern and Southern Africa; SSA, sub-Saharan Africa; WCA, Western and Central Africa.