Variable | Response options | Predictive model | Causal machine learning | Segmentation (S) and profiling (P) |
Demographics | ||||
Education | 0–4 years, 5–9 years, 10–12 years, 13+ years | X | X | P |
Parity | 1, 2, 3, 4+ | X | X | S |
Religion | Hindu versus other | X | P | |
Caste | ST, SC, OBC, none of these | X | X | P |
Income* | Little versus lot | X | P | |
Financial insecurity | 2-item composite; 1–5 Likert scale | X | P | |
Electricity in home | Yes versus no | X | X | P |
Household type | Nuclear versus joint/other | X | P | |
Internal beliefs | ||||
Opinion of hospital facilities | 7-item composite; low versus high | X | P | |
Opinion of hospital services | 6-item composite; low versus high | X | X | P |
Rank importance of hospital delivery | Important versus unimportant | X | X | P |
Risk perception of childbirth | Low versus high | X | P | |
Worry about delivery problems | Little versus lot | X | P | |
Perception of hospital safety | Hospital safer versus home safer | X | X | S |
Nurse gives injection to make delivery easier | Agree versus disagree | X | P | |
Hospital is not necessary if birth attendant is good | Agree versus disagree | X | P | |
Hospital is not necessary if past home delivery | Agree versus disagree | X | P | |
Pregnant women attract evil spirits | Agree versus disagree | X | P | |
False beliefs about ANC checkups | 3-item composite; few versus many | X | P | |
Barriers to ANC checkups | 5-item composite; few versus many | X | P | |
Knowledge of IFA | Percent correct recall (0–100) | X | P | |
Agency | 10-item composite; 1–5 Likert scale | X | P | |
Insecurity | 2-item composite; 1–5 Likert scale | X | P | |
Conscientiousness | 3-item composite; 1–5 Likert scale | X | P | |
Empathy | 1–5 Likert scale | X | P | |
Openness | 2-item composite; 1–5 Likert scale | X | P | |
Optimism | 1–5 Likert scale | X | P | |
Neuroticism | 1–5 Likert scale | X | P | |
Structural | ||||
Social norms | Low versus high | X | X | P |
Hospital distance | 0–20 min versus 21–40 min versus 40+ min | X | X | P |
Labour start time | Middle of the night versus day versus evening | X | X | P |
Money borrowed* | None versus some | X | X | P |
Incentive awareness | Yes versus no | X | X | P |
Influencers | ||||
Discussed delivery location with ASHA | True versus false | X | P | |
Primary decision maker | Self versus husband versus mother-in-law versus other | X | X | P |
People for social support | Few versus many | X | P | |
Number of ASHA home visits | None versus 1–2 versus 3–4 versus 5+ | X | X | P |
Behaviour | ||||
Pregnancy registration | Not registered versus first trimester versus second trimester versus third trimester | X | P | |
Delivery plan | Planned ahead of time versus last minute decision | X | X | S |
Number of ANC checkups | 0–9 | X | X | P |
Take IFA during pregnancy | None versus less than recommended amount versus recommended amount or more | X | X | P |
Some variables were constructed from several items in the questionnaire. X indicates variables as inputs.
*Variables that were only assessed for male head of household (HOH); for women who did not have a male HOH interviewed, a median imputation method was used to generate these estimates. Relevant survey questions are listed in online supplemental information.
ANC, antenatal care; ASHA, Accredited Social Health Activists; IFA, iron and folic acid.