Effect of hospital construction, two-way fixed effects model
| facility delivery | ANC visits | caesarean sections | neonatal mortality | |
| Panel A: Primary (district) hospital openings only | ||||
| Births after nearby facility opening | 0.182*** | 0.250* | 0.068*** | 0.007* |
| (0.028) | (0.135) | (0.022) | (0.004) | |
| Any nearby facility | 0.071 | 0.691*** | −0.015 | −0.004 |
| (0.044) | (0.160) | (0.010) | (0.004) | |
| Observations | 41 941 | 28 000 | 41 909 | 167 086 |
| Panel B: Primary (district) hospital openings, urban respondents only | ||||
| Births after nearby facility opening | 0.130*** | 1.018*** | 0.044** | −0.005 |
| (0.027) | (0.201) | (0.020) | (0.004) | |
| Any nearby facility | −0.045 | −0.223 | −0.035* | −0.008 |
| (0.049) | (0.373) | (0.021) | (0.008) | |
| Observations | 6692 | 5080 | 6703 | 29 098 |
| Panel C: Any hospital opening | ||||
| Births after nearby hospital opening | 0.151*** | 0.023 | 0.022*** | 0.004 |
| (0.033) | (0.175) | (0.008) | (0.004) | |
| Any nearby facility | 0.060** | 0.741*** | 0.006 | −0.003 |
| (0.027) | (0.145) | (0.005) | (0.003) | |
| Observations | 41 941 | 28 000 | 41 909 | 167 086 |
The ‘any nearby hospital’ is an indicator (dummy). Its value is 1 if there is a hospital within 5 km of the survey cluster. The hospital can be built after or before the birth of the child. The value of the indicator (dummy) is 0 if a hospital is never built within 5 km of the survey cluster. The “births after nearby hospital opening” is an indicator which has a value of 1 if the birth is in a survey cluster that has a hospital with in 5 km and if the birth occurs after the hospital has been opened. The indicator is 0 for survey clusters that never have access to a hospital, or for births that occurred before a hospital is opened in those clusters that get access to a hospital at some point. All models include survey round fixed effects, birth year (cohort) fixed effects and zonal fixed effects. They also include controls for the DHS-provided wealth quintile variables, birth order, gender, twin or triplet births, mother’s age and mother’s education. Robust standard errors clustered at district (woreda) level. P-values: * < 0.1 ** < 0.05 *** < 0.01.