Association between exposure to outdoor air pollution and child health outcomes in urban areas by hygiene practice
| Health outcomes | Effect with every 10 µg/m3 increase in PM10 among households with poor hygiene practices | Effect with every 10 µg/m3 increase in PM10 among households with good hygiene practices | ||
| Rate (N) | Adjusted RR/OR (95% CI), p value* | Rate (N) | Adjusted RR/OR (95% CI), p value* | |
| Neonatal deaths per 1000 live births | 23.3 (10 088) | 1.08 (1.03 to 1.13) | 8.4 (13 866) | 1.03 (0.98 to 1.09) |
| Post-neonatal deaths per 1000 live births | 10.5 (10 088) | 1.10 (1.03 to 1.17) | 4.5 (13 866) | 1.11 (1.03 to 1.19) |
| Children under age 5 with ARI symptoms per 1000 live births | 21.1 (9 574) | 1.04 (0.98 to 1.10) | 22.1 (13 624) | 1.09 (1.04 to 1.14) |
| Premature births per 1000 live births | 68.2 (10 088) | 1.06 (1.01 to 1.12) | 75.7 (13 866) | 1.10 (1.04 to 1.16) |
| Low birth-weight per 100 live births | 18.5 (8 651) | 1.04 (1.01 to 1.06) | 15.8 (12,342) | 1.04 (1.02 to 1.06) |
*Adjusted relative risk (RR) and adjusted OR estimated using multilevel mixed effects models. Covariates in the model included women’s age, education, mass media exposure, religion, caste, birth order of the index child, place of delivery, household’s place of cooking and wealth status. RR was estimated for neonatal and post-neonatal mortality, whereas OR was estimated for ARI, premature birth and low birth weight.
ARI, acute respiratory infection; PM10, particulate matters of size below 10 µg/m3.