Association between exposure to outdoor air pollution and child health outcomes in urban areas
| Health outcomes | Rate (N) | Model 1*: Effect with every 10 µg/m3 increase in PM10 | Model 2*: Effect with every 10 µg/m3 increase in PM10 | Model 3*: Effect with every 10 µg/m3 increase in PM10 | Model 3*: Risk due to poor hygiene compared with good hygiene |
| RR/OR (95% CI), p value† | Adjusted RR/OR (95% CI), p value† | Adjusted RR/OR (95% CI), p value† | Adjusted RR/OR (95% CI), p value† | ||
| Neonatal deaths per 1000 live births | 15.3 (23 954) | 1.06 (1.03 to 1.10) | 1.03 (1.00 to 1.07) | 1.06 (1.02 to 1.09) | 4.35 (3.45 to 5.47) |
| Post-neonatal deaths per 1000 live births | 7.3 (23 954) | 1.10 (1.05 to 1.15) | 1.08 (1.03 to 1.13) | 1.10 (1.05 to 1.16) | 3.78 (2.66 to 5.39) |
| Children under age 5 with ARI symptoms per 1000 live births | 21.6 (23 198) | 1.06 (1.02 to 1.10) | 1.07 (1.03 to 1.12) | 1.07 (1.03 to 1.12) | 1.01 (0.83 to 1.23) |
| Premature births per 1000 live births | 72.2 (23 954) | 1.07 (1.03 to 1.12) | 1.07 (1.03 to 1.12) | 1.08 (1.03 to 1.12) | 1.28 (1.14 to 1.45) |
| Low birth weight per 100 live births | 17.0 (20 993) | 1.04 (1.02 to 1.05) | 1.03 (1.01 to 1.04) | 1.03 (1.02 to 1.05) | 1.31 (1.21 to 1.42) |
*Model 1 shows unadjusted effects whereas Model 2 and Model 3 are adjusted for women’s age, education, mass media exposure, religion, caste, birth order of the index child, place of delivery, household’s place of cooking and wealth status. Model 3 had hygiene as one of the added covariates.
†Relative risk (RR) and OR were estimated using multilevel mixed effects models with PM10 levels as a predictor. RR was estimated for neonatal and post-neonatal mortality and OR was estimated for symptoms of ARI, premature birth and low birth weight.
ARI, acute respiratory infection; PM10, particulate matters of size below 10 µg/m3.