Association between exposure to outdoor air pollution and child health outcomes in urban areas by NCAP city/town
| Health outcomes | Effect with every 10 µg/m3 increase in PM10 among households in NCAP cities | Effect with every 10 µg/m3 increase in PM10 among households in non-NCAP cities | ||
| Rate (N) | Adjusted RR/OR (95% CI), p value* | Rate (N) | Adjusted RR/OR (95% CI), p value* | |
| PM10 level, mean (min–max, SD) | 118.6 (60.8 to 260.0, 43.4) | 83.5 (24.4 to 261.0, 50.6) | ||
| Neonatal deaths per 1000 live births | 17.3 (14 185) | 1.06 (1.02 to 1.11) | 12.8 (9769) | 1.04 (0.99 to 1.10) |
| Post-neonatal deaths per 1000 live births | 7.3 (14 185) | 1.13 (1.05 to 1.22) | 7.3 (9769) | 1.08 (1.02 to 1.16) |
| Children under age 5 with ARI symptoms per 1000 live births | 22.0 (13 698) | 1.10 (1.03 to 1.17) | 21.2 (9500) | 1.06 (1.00 to 1.13) |
| Premature births per 1000 live births | 74.5 (14 185) | 1.09 (1.01 to 1.16) | 69.3 (9769) | 1.10 (1.04 to 1.15) |
| Low birth weight per 100 live births | 17.5 (11 942) | 1.01 (0.99 to 1.04) | 16.5 (9051) | 1.04 (1.01 to 1.06) |
*Adjusted relative risk (RR) and adjusted OR estimated using multilevel mixed effects models. Covariates in the model included women’s age, education, mass media exposure, religion, caste, birth order of the index child, place of delivery, household’s place of cooking and wealth status. RR was estimated for neonatal and post-neonatal mortality, whereas OR was estimated for ARI, premature birth and low birth weight.
ARI, acute respiratory infection; NCAP, National Clean Air Program; PM10, particulate matters of size below 10 µg/m3.