Sample characteristics and child outcomes over time, Bachpan Cohort, Pakistan
| Mean or N | SD or % | Min | Max | |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Maternal characteristics | ||||
| Age | 26.70 | 4.37 | 18 | 40 |
| Number of living children | ||||
| Pregnant with first child | 219 | 31.52 | ||
| 1–3 | 489 | 60.65 | ||
| 4 or more | 64 | 7.83 | ||
| Educational attainment | ||||
| None | 105 | 13.34 | ||
| Primary or middle | 299 | 36.57 | ||
| Secondary | 191 | 26.00 | ||
| Higher secondary or tertiary | 177 | 24.08 | ||
| Depressive symptoms (PHQ-9; baseline) | 6.65 | 6.26 | 0 | 25 |
| Depression diagnosis (SCID; baseline) | 277 | 25.34 | ||
| Depression diagnosis (SCID; 3 months) | 112 | 12.88 | ||
| Depression diagnosis (SCID; 12 months) | 145 | 15.93 | ||
| Disability (WHO-DAS) | 9.10 | 8.88 | 0 | 44 |
| Perceived stress (PSS-10) | 15.74 | 8.75 | 0 | 40 |
| Any self-reported IPV in the past year (12 months) | ||||
| Yes | 289 | 34.80 | ||
| Did not report | 19 | 1.94 | ||
| Any self-reported IPV in the past year (24 months) | ||||
| Yes | 356 | 44.75 | ||
| Did not report | 99 | 11.29 | ||
| Paternal characteristics | ||||
| Educational attainment | ||||
| None | 60 | 7.42 | ||
| Primary or middle | 226 | 28.13 | ||
| Secondary | 353 | 47.09 | ||
| Higher secondary or tertiary | 133 | 17.37 | ||
| Absent in household (3 months) | 136 | 17.79 | ||
| Absent in household (12 months) | 157 | 20.93 | ||
| Currently working (baseline) | 706 | 92.26 | ||
| Grandmother characteristics | ||||
| Coresidence with grandchild | 535 | 67.97 | ||
| Household characteristics | ||||
| People per room | 2.35 | 1.88 | 0 | 23 |
| Nuclear family | 97 | 12.58 | ||
| Wealth quintiles | ||||
| Lowest | 142 | 17.19 | ||
| Lower middle | 151 | 18.70 | ||
| Middle | 161 | 20.36 | ||
| Upper middle | 154 | 21.54 | ||
| Highest | 164 | 22.21 | ||
| Child sex: female | 399 | 51.03 | ||
| Child diarrhoea (12 months) | ||||
| At least once weekly | 102 | 12.43 | ||
| Every 2 weeks | 45 | 5.71 | ||
| Every month | 91 | 11.91 | ||
| Less often than every month | 534 | 69.95 | ||
| Child outcomes | ||||
| Growth (3 months, n=772) | ||||
| WLZ | −1.36 | 1.49 | −4.96 | 4.55 |
| WAZ | −1.09 | 1.19 | −5.32 | 3.22 |
| LAZ | −0.05 | 1.61 | −5.80 | 5.20 |
| Growth (12 months, n=727) | ||||
| WLZ | −0.56 | 1.26 | −4.78 | 3.65 |
| WAZ | −0.77 | 1.12 | −4.16 | 3.66 |
| LAZ | −0.73 | 1.21 | −4.91 | 3.99 |
| Growth (24 months, n=712) | ||||
| WLZ | −0.41 | 1.13 | −4.76 | 2.55 |
| WAZ | −0.89 | 0.99 | −3.87 | 2.46 |
| LAZ | −1.19 | 1.20 | −4.86 | 3.13 |
| BSITD scaled scores (12 months, n=759)* | ||||
| Cognitive | 9.47 | 2.12 | 1 | 14 |
| Receptive language | 8.02 | 1.39 | 1 | 12 |
| Expressive language | 9.18 | 1.47 | 1 | 13 |
| Fine motor | 9.16 | 1.68 | 1 | 15 |
| Gross motor | 8.27 | 2.21 | 1 | 14 |
| Socioemotional development (24 months, n=723)* | ||||
| ASQ-SE total score | 14.32 | 29.02 | 0 | 180 |
Calculations were based on the total sample of participants present at either 12 months or 24 months (n=772). Means, SD and percentages were based on weighted data to account for both the sampling design in which one in every three non-depressed pregnant women and the inverse probability of missingness.
*Higher Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSITD) scores indicate better development and higher Ages and Stages Questionnaire-Socioemotional (ASQ-SE) scores indicate worse development.
IPV, Intimate Partner Violence; LAZ, length-for-age z-score; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire; PSS-10, Perceived Stress Scale; SCID, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM; WAZ, weight-for-age z-score; WHO-DAS, World Health Organization-Disability Assessment Scale; WLZ, weight-for-length z-score.