Characteristics of the sample at baseline
| Total | A+P | A only | P only | Control | |
| Age of participants, M (SD) | |||||
| Adult* | 43.12 (12.71) | 41.65 (10.47) | 44.93 (13.25) | 40.64 (12.76) | 44.61 (13.75) |
| Teen† | 13.41 (2.01) | 13.76 (1.87) | 13.04 (2.18) | 13.29 (1.81) | 13.62 (2.09) |
| Child‡ | 11.18 (3.91) | 12.05 (3.82) | 10.60 (4.00) | 11.23 (3.59) | 10.95 (4.11) |
| Infant (months)§ | 17.94 (9.84) | 19.11 (8.08) | 18.44 (9.62) | 18.46 (10.34) | 15.28 (11.40) |
| Sex of participants, male, n (%) | |||||
| Adult*** | 157 (63.3) | 33 (55.0) | 63 (87.5) | 27 (48.2) | 34 (56.7) |
| Teen | 104 (60.5) | 31 (68.9) | 32 (64.0) | 18 (47.4) | 23 (59.0) |
| Child | 145 (58.5) | 37 (61.7) | 40 (55.6) | 32 (57.1) | 36 (60.0) |
| Infant** | 71 (51.4) | 23 (60.3) | 13 (40.6) | 14 (35.9) | 21 (72.4) |
| Parent–child relationships: biological child, n (%) | |||||
| Teen | 125 (72.7) | 37 (82.2) | 36 (72.0) | 27 (71.1) | 25 (64.1) |
| Child | 180 (72.6) | 49 (81.7) | 50 (69.4) | 40 (71.4) | 41 (68.3) |
| Infant | 98 (71.0) | 30 (78.9) | 22 (68.8) | 28 (71.8) | 18 (62.1) |
| Number of people per household, M (SD) | 7.30 (3.42) | 7.88 (3.16) | 7.49 (4.61) | 6.96 (2.86) | 7.30 (3.43) |
| Adult marital status: married, n (%) | 212 (85.5) | 48 (80.0) | 66 (91.7) | 50 (89.3) | 48 (80.0) |
| Adult not completed primary school, n (%) | 65 (26.2) | 24 (40.0) | 14 (19.4) | 13 (23.2) | 14 (23.3) |
| Adult cannot read, or reads with difficulty, n (%) | 61 (24.6) | 23 (38.4) | 10 (13.9) | 11 (25.0) | 14 (23.3) |
| Teen enrolled in school, n (%) | 105 (61.0) | 22 (48.9) | 29 (58.0) | 27 (71.1) | 27 (69.2) |
| Child enrolled in school, n (%) | 146 (58.9) | 31 (51.7) | 39 (54.2) | 37 (66.1) | 39 (65.0) |
| Parent experienced physical abuse as a child, n (%) | 176 (71.3) | 44 (73.3) | 61 (84.7) | 46 (82.1) | 49 (83.1) |
*Based on number of adult participants (n=248).
†Based on number of child respondents between ages 10 and 18 (n=176).
‡Based on total number of children reported by adults (n=248).
§Based on number of children aged 0–36 months (n=134); **p<.01, ***p<.001 indicating significant differences between arms based on χ2 tests.