Table 3

Adult-report and child-report of parenting outcomes using an intention-to-treat analysis and adjusting for differences at baseline*

	Parent-report (n=248)					Child-report (n=176)
	Pre M (SD)	Post M (SD)	ffect Size†	95% CI		Pre M (SD)	Post M (SD)	Effect Size†	95% CI
Total positive parenting					Total positive parenting
A+P	78.07 (16.43)	84.81 (14.93)	0.26	−0.10 to 0.62	A+P	86.16 (15.45)	96.20 (14.21)	−0.05	−0.49 to 0.38
A-only	78.10 (16.10)	79.99 (15.63)	−0.03	−0.37 to 0.32	A-only	87.58 (15.35)	88.39 (17.82)	−0.50	−0.91 to −0.10
P-only	75.68 (14.81)	82.44 (18.90)	0.20	−0.17 to 0.56	P-only	93.42 (14.70)	98.44 (11.69)	−0.08	−0.50 to 0.34
Controls	75.87 (13.33)	79.34 (17.65)			Controls	93.31 (13.83)	99.10 (15.30)
Positive involvement					Positive involvement
A+P	15.17 (7.56)	18.74 (8.58)	0.33	−0.03 to 0.69	A+P	13.99 (7.73)	17.00 (8.71)	−0.18	−0.70 to 0.34
A-only	15.11 (8.50)	15.91 (9.32)	0.03	−0.32 to 0.37	A-only	15.90 (7.39)	15.15 (10.42)	−0.47	−0.95 to 0.01
P-only	14.20 (9.21)	18.01 (11.0)	0.29	−0.08 to 0.65	P-only	16.66 (8.36)	19.78 (7.38)	0.01	−0.49 to 0.51
Controls	15.20 (7.91)	15.69 (9.79)			Controls	17.26 (7.94)	19.66 (9.82)
Positive interaction					Positive interaction
A+P	11.98 (5.22)	13.84 (5.38)	0.31	−0.05 to 0.67	A+P	10.85 (5.31)	13.43 (6.52)	−0.00	−0.52 to 0.51
A-only	12.32 (5.01)	12.32 (5.32)	0.04	−0.30 to 0.38	A-only	11.92 (5.07)	11.83 (7.23)	−0.32	−0.79 to 0.15
P-only	11.71 (5.71)	12.22 (6.46)	0.04	−0.33 to 0.40	P-only	12.48 (5.04)	14.60 (4.89)	0.10	−0.39 to 0.59
Controls	11.13 (5.34)	11.91 (6.47)			Controls	12.90 (4.66)	14.01 (6.17)
Poor supervision					Poor supervision
A+P	9.47 (5.89)	8.37 (4.64)	−0.22	−0.57 to 0.14	A+P	1.37 (1.17)	1.00 (1.08)	−0.15	−0.63 to 0.34
A-only	9.79 (5.52)	9.01 (5.06)	−0.10	−0.44 to 0.24	A-only	1.08 (1.18)	1.01 (1.34)	−0.11	−0.56 to 0.35
P-only	10.64 (5.64)	8.59 (4.85)	−0.23	−0.59 to 0.14	P-only	0.79 (1.06)	0.91 (1.31)	−0.18	−0.65 to 0.29
Controls	10.53 (5.59)	9.64 (4.83)			Controls	1.05 (1.10)	1.15 (1.50)
Inconsistent discipline					Inconsistent discipline
A+P	7.55 (3.04)	7.22 (3.80)	0.30	−0.24 to 0.83	A+P	7.58 (2.89)	7.90 (2.93)	−0.13	−0.71 to 0.44
A-only	7.49 (2.98)	6.75 (3.95)	0.21	−0.31 to 0.72	A-only	9.02 (3.06)	7.84 (4.13)	−0.08	−0.61 to 0.44
P-only	7.82 (4.18)	6.69 (3.43)	0.18	−0.35 to 0.71	P-only	7.92 (3.11)	8.31 (3.38)	−0.02	−0.56 to 0.53
Controls	7.65 (3.65)	6.01 (3.59)			Controls	7.95 (2.87)	8.14 (4.04)
Effective discipline					Effective discipline
A+P	3.93 (2.38)	3.76 (2.04)	0.11	−0.25 to 0.47	A+P	3.92 (2.81)	3.13 (2.46)	−0.38	−0.88 to 0.12
A-only	3.94 (2.26)	3.70 (2.50)	0.08	−0.26 to 0.43	A-only	4.14 (3.34)	3.78 (3.95)	−0.17	−0.62 to 0.29
P-only	4.23 (3.40)	3.66 (2.29)	0.07	−0.29 to 0.44	P-only	3.80 (2.74)	3.90 (2.65)	−0.14	−0.62 to 0.33
Controls	3.72 (2.28)	3.50 (2.64)			Controls	3.54 (2.74)	4.28 (3.76)
				Harsh parenting‡
					A+P	5.23 (3.65)	2.81 (2.71)	−0.19	−0.82 to 0.45
					A-only	5.04 (3.91)	4.36 (3.74)	0.35	−0.23 to 0.93
					P-only	4.41 (3.25)	3.65 (2.51)	0.10	−0.50 to 0.69
					Controls	3.87 (3.19)	3.11 (2.74)

*Alabama Parenting Questionnaire.
†Hedges D_w effect sizes for parenting behaviour based on comparisons of postassessment scores for each treatment arm with the control arm using linear-mixed effects models with REML and controlling for baseline differences.
‡Harsh parenting subscale was child-report only; ; Significant effects are in bold (95% CI not crossing 0); borderline effects are in italics (95% CI crossover within ±0.10 of 0).
A-only, agribusiness only; A+P, agribusiness plus parenting; P-only, parenting only; REML, restricted maximum likelihood .