Characteristics of included articles
| Risk group | Type of study and setting | Author and year (study period) | Sample size | Diagnosis method | Prevalence per 100 000 | Incidence per 100 000 | Estimate from meta-analysis per 100 | Study included in review and reason |
| HCWs | Cross-sectional on community health workers in Western Cape | Kranzer et al, 2010 (2008–2009) | 215 | Smear and culture | 5000 | – | Prevalence: 0.01 Incidence: 0.88 | Prevalence: 1400 Grobler et al systematic review.* Incidence: 1470 from Grobler et al systematic review.* |
| Cross-sectional among medical doctors in KZN | Naidoo et al, 2013 (2007–2009) | 40 | Sputum microscopy, culture and chest X-ray | 8000 | – | |||
| Retrospective record review in eight public sector hospitals, KZN | Naidoo and Jinabhai, 2006 (1999–2004) | 583 | Smear and culture | 7620 | – | |||
| Retrospective cohort in three district hospitals, KZN | Tudor et al, 2014 (2006–2010) | 1427 | Not specified | 900 | 1958 | |||
| Review of 31 studies conducted in SA (EVISAT) | Nicol et al, 2014 (1966–2013) | Not specified | Sputum microscopy, culture | 1400 | 1958 in KZN 900 in WC | |||
| Systematic review of the epidemiology of TB in HCWs, South Africa | Grobler et al, 2016 (1966–2013) | 3677 | Smears, cultures, microscopies, chest X-ray | 1400 | 1470 | |||
| Cross sectional study of TB among HCWs in a hospital in the Western Cape | Ayuk, 2013 (2008–2011) | 249 | Not specified | – | 397 | |||
| Mineworkersrs | Cluster randomised study in three gold mining companies in SA | Churchyard et al, 2014 (not specified) | 27 126 | Sputum microscopy, culture and chest X-ray | – | 2230 | Prevalence: 0.03 Incidence: 1.81 | Prevalence: 1300 from EVISAT systematic review* Incidence: 3000 from the EVISAT systematic review* |
| Review of 61 studies conducted in SA (EVISAT) | Machingaidze et al, 2014 (1966–2013) | Not specified | Sputum microscopy, culture | 1300 | 3000 | |||
| Prospective cohort study among SA gold miners | Hermans et al, 2016 (2006–2010) | 18 520 | Symptoms screening and chest X-ray | – | 1900 | |||
| Cross-sectional survey of a community-wide nurse delivered IPT intervention and TB screening | Lewis et al, 2013 | 27 126 | Smear and culture | 2600 | ||||
| Retrospective cohort at four gold mines in Gauteng province using data from routine sources | Sonnenberg et al, 2005 | 23 874 | Sputum smear | – | 1390 | |||
| Inmates | Review of 18 studies conducted in SA (EVISAT) | Mukinda and Mahomed, 2014 | Not specified | Various | 3900 | – | Prevalence: 0.04 Incidence: Not available | Prevalence: 3900 from the EVISAT systematic review* Incidence: Since no incidence has been reported, the prevalence of 3900/100 000 was chosen† |
| Retrospective case-control at Mangaung correctional facility | Nyasulu et al, 2015 (2009–2010) | 1140 | Sputum microscopy | 8800 | – | |||
| Cross-sectional survey of inmates In the largest facility in Johannesburg | Telisinghe et al, 2014 (1966–2013) | 981 | Sputum microscopy and liquid culture | 7500 | – | |||
| Programme evaluation within four facilities in Gauteng | Zishiri et al, 2014 (2013) | 7426 | GeneXpert | 2700 | – | |||
| Cross-sectional survey of inmates In the largest facility in Johannesburg | Hanifa et al, 2015 (2009–2010) | 981 | Sputum microscopy and urine LAM | 3000 | – | |||
| Informal settlements | Cross-sectional survey of high TB and HIV burden community in the Western Cape | Wood et al, 2007 (2002–2004) | 762 | Sputum smear and culture | 3300 | – | Prevalence: 0.09 Incidence: 7.44 | Prevalence: 3150 from systematic review* Incidence: 4500 from systematic review* |
| Review of 66 studies conducted in SA (EVISAT) | Claassens et al, 2014 (1966–2013) | 12 777 | Various | 3150 | 4500 | |||
| Cross-sectional study at a mobile clinic offering HIV testing in Cape Town | Kranzer et al, 2012 (2009–2011) | 6394 | Sputum smear and culture | 4960 | – | |||
| Routine chest screening in an ART service in a township in Cape Town | Dawson et al, 2010 | 235 | X-ray and sputum culture | 2468 | – | |||
| Cohort study of prospectively collected data on patients receiving ART in Cape Town | Gupta et al, 2012 (2002–2006) | 1544 | Symptom screening and sputum smear and culture | – | 7440 | |||
| Household Contacts | Retrospective programme analysis of TB household contact tracing programme in North West Province | Thind et al, 2012 (2009–2010) | 552 | Sputum smear and culture | 3100 | – | Prevalence: 0.04 Incidence: 1.33 | Prevalence: 4000 from the meta-analysis‡ Incidence: 1300 from van Schalkwyk et al† |
| TB/HIV contact tracing study in North West Province | Shapiro et al, 2012 (2009) | 3033 | Sputum smear and culture | 6075 | – | |||
| A prospective cohort study on TB/HIV contact tracing study in North West Province | van Schalkwyk et al, 2014 (2009–2010) | 2377 | Sputum smear and culture | 9200 | 1300 | |||
| Pragmatic randomised trial in Matlosana District, North West province | Lebina et al, 2016 (2011–2012) | 1017 | Culture, microscopy and Gene Xpert | 5408 | – | |||
| Prospective study of index patients and household contacts in Johannesburg | Deery et al, 2014 (2012) | 1197 | Sputum microscopy | 749 | – | |||
| Children under 5 years | Prospective representative hospital surveillance data in Western Cape Province | Hesseling et al, 2009 (2004–2006) | 294 712 | Culture | – | 700 | Prevalence: 0.10 Incidence: 1.51 | Prevalence: 664 from EVISAT systematic review* Incidence: 386 from EVISAT systematic review* |
| Review of 190 studies conducted in SA (EVISAT) | Garcia-Prats et al, 2014 (1947–2013) | Not specified | Various | 664 | 386 | |||
| Retrospective audit of neonates routinely screened for TB in a hospital setting in Cape Town | Bekker et al, 2012 (2009–2011) | 70 | Isolation of TB from gastric aspirate | 11 400 | – | |||
| Randomised control trial on children infected with HIV at two tertiary hospitals in Cape Town | Zar et al, 2007 (not specified) | 277 | Chest X-ray and culture | – | 1200 | |||
| Cohort analysis in children infected with HIV in Cape Town | Frigati et al, 2011 (2003–2007) | 298 | Chest X-ray and culture | 13 700 | 1200 | |||
| Cross-sectional study of children who are contacts of adult patients with MDR TB | Seddon et al, 2013 (2007–2009) | 228 | Chest X-ray and culture | 6578 | – | |||
| Elderly | Retrospective cohort study of patients newly diagnosed with TB in Soweto | Karstaedt and Bolhaar, 2014 (2003–2004) | 42 004 | Microbiological confirmation | – | 262 | Prevalence: Not available Incidence: 0.26 | Case notification used as proxy for incidence (262)† |
| Migrants and refugees | Record review at an FBO in Johannesburg | McCarthy et al, 2009 (2004–2007) | 1297 | Not specified | 36 000 | 3300 | Prevalence: 0.36 Incidence: 3.29 | Prevalence: 36 000 from McCarthy et al† Incidence: 3300 from McCarthy et al† |
| Women | Cross-sectional study at a primary healthcare facility in Cape Town | Oni et al, 2015 (2012–2013) | 10 234 | Not specified | 230 | – | Prevalence: 0.02 Incidence: Not available | Prevalence: 230 from cross-sectional study† |
| HIV-infected | Prospective cohort of HIV positive HAART patients, KZN | Naidoo et al, 2014 (2007–2010) | 969 | Smear and culture | 17 850 | 4500 | Prevalence: 0.25 Incidence: 6.07 | Prevalence: 3000 from EVISAT systematic review* Incidence: 4200 from EVISAT systematic review* |
| Review of 288 studies conducted in SA (EVISAT) | Wiysonge et al, 2014 (1947–2013) | Not specified | Not specified | 3000 | 4200 | |||
| Prospective cohort of patients referred to a clinic for ART initiation | Hanifa et al, 2012 (2007–2008) | 381 | Sputum smear and culture | 177 00 | – | |||
| Two clinical cohorts of HIV-positive patients | Golub et al, 2009 (2003–2007) | 2778 | Culture | – | 6228 | |||
| Observational community-based ART cohort in South Africa | Lawn et al, 2009 (2002–2006) | 770 | Sputum smear and culture | – | 7300 | |||
| Diabetes | Cross-sectional study on adults attending a diabetes clinic, Soweto | Majumder et al, 2016 (2014–2015) | 672 | Sputum smear | 1 240 | – | Prevalence: 0.01 Incidence: Not Available | Prevalence: 1240 from Majumder et al* |
| Pregnant women | Prospective HIV-infected pregnant women in North West | Hoffman et al, 2013 (2010–2011) | 1451 | Sputum culture | 3 300 | – | Prevalence: 0.02 Incidence: 1.08 | Prevalence: 2000 from the meta-analysis† Incidence: 1080 from Odayar et al† |
| A record review of pregnant women attending ANC in Northern Cape | Peters et al, 2015 (2011–2012) | 308 | Sputum culture | 13 600 | – | |||
| Cross-sectional integrating active TB case finding with ANC services in Soweto | Gounder et al, 2011 (2008–2009) | 3963 | Sputum smear and Xpert | 688 | – | |||
| Cohort of women visiting ANC in Cape Town | Odayar et al, 2016 (not specified) | 1507 | Symptom screening and bacteriologically | – | 1080 | |||
| Prospective cohort of pregnant and postpartum women routinely on anti-TB treatment in Cape Town | Bekker et al, 2016 (2011) | 8471 | Symptom screening and bacteriologically | 874 | – | |||
| Smokers | Prospective cohort of the Lung Health Survey from the electronic TB register, Cape Town | Ncayiyana 2010 (2003–2007) | 3971 | Smear and culture | – | 871 | Prevalence: Not Available Incidence: 0.87 | Incidence: 817 from prospective Lung Health Survey† |
| Chronic alcohol users | Prospective cohort of the Lung Health Survey from the electronic TB register, Cape Town | Ncayiyana 2010 (2003–2007) | 3971 | Smear and culture | – | 949 | Prevalence: Not available Incidence: 0.95 | Incidence: 949 from prospective Lung Health Survey† |
*Systematic reviews were considered representative.
†Only a single study was available to provide both estimates, and the available estimate was used as a proxy for the missing estimate.
‡Estimates derived after a meta-analysis of varying estimates from several studies.
ANC, antenatal clinic; ART, antiretroviral therapy; EVISAT, Evidence to Inform South African Tuberculosis Policies; FBO, faith-based organisation; HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy; HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy; HCW, healthcare worker; KZN, Kwa Zulu Natal; LAM, lipoarabinomannan; MDR, multidrug resistant; SA, South Africa; TB, tuberculosis.