Intention-to-treat analysis of EMAP impact at endline
| Baseline | Endline | Unadjusted OR or β (SE) | Adjusted OR or β (SE)† | Total n Unadjusted/adjusted models | |||
| EMAP | Control | EMAP | Control | ||||
| % or mean (SD) | % or mean (SD) | % or mean (SD) | % or mean (SD) | ||||
| Women’s experience of IPV | |||||||
| Any intimate partner violence | 72.1% | 70.7% | 70.6% | 72.1% | OR=0.94 (0.11) | OR=0.96 (0.12) | 1059/982 |
| Physical or sexual IPV | 48.5% | 47.7% | 48.5% | 49.0% | OR=0.96 (0.15) | OR=0.95 (0.14) | 1028/933 |
| Physical IPV | 37.1% | 36.5% | 35.0% | 38.1% | OR=0.84 (0.13) | OR=0.87 (0.12) | 1044/943 |
| Severe physical IPV | 33.4% | 31.1% | 30.7% | 33.1% | OR=0.86 (0.14) | OR=0.91 (0.13) | 1038/925 |
| Sexual IPV | 29.9% | 34.4% | 32.7% | 34.9% | OR=0.88 (0.14) | OR=0.98 (0.15) | 1045/968 |
| Emotional IPV | 65.5% | 63.4% | 63.6% | 65.2% | OR=0.95 (0.12) | OR=0.92 (0.12) | 1056/970 |
| Economic abuse | 23.6% | 26.1% | 21.2% | 25.2% | OR=0.78 (0.12) | OR=0.82 (0.13) | 1097/1046 |
| Men’s intention to commit violence and attitudes towards violence and gender equality | |||||||
| Men’s intention to commit violence | 6.47 (9.46) | 6.64 (8.59) | 4.08 (11.25) | 4.97 (13.38) | β=−0.84*** (0.27) | β=−0.76*** (0.23) | 1252/1055 |
| Acceptance of physical violence | 35.0% | 33.6% | 26.3% | 35.5% | OR=0.68***(0.08) | OR=0.59***(0.08) | 1248/1043 |
| Ability to refuse sex | 13.2% | 13.0% | 20.4% | 15.0% | OR=1.40**(0.19) | OR=1.47** (0.24) | 1247/1042 |
| Gender equitable attitudes | 9.97 (4.84) | 10.58 (5.48) | 11.35 (3.60) | 10.31 (5.92) | β=1.05*** (0.18) | β=1.35*** (0.15) | 1240/1015 |
| Quality of the couple’s relationship (women) | |||||||
| Quality of relationship | 8.83 (5.63) | 8.82 (6.77) | 9.33 (4.52) | 9.06 (4.90) | β=0.26 (0.20) | β=0.28* (0.16) | 1097/1051 |
| Perception of negative male behaviours | 3.08 (6.12) | 3.25 (7.42) | 2.95 (4.68) | 3.32 (6.83) | β=−0.39 (0.24) | β=−0.32** (0.12) | 1097/1051 |
| Intrahousehold cooperation | |||||||
| Woman lets her partner know the totality of her income | NU | NU | 86.9% | 82.2% | OR=1.50***(0.21) | OR=1.66***(0.21) | 1089/1043 |
| Man lets his partner know the totality of his income | NA | NA | 89.7% | 82.5% | OR=2.03***(0.33) | OR=2.02***(0.38) | 1165/1049 |
| Women’s decision-making power | |||||||
| Woman’s control over her personal income | 53.2% | 56.4% | 52.5% | 56.4% | OR=0.87 (0.11) | OR=0.86 (0.11) | 1089/1030 |
| Degree of decision-making of woman over household expenses | 1.48 (2.93) | 1.49 (2.12) | 1.40 (2.36) | 1.40 (2.45) | β=0.017 (0.06) | β=0.015 (0.05) | 1097/1051 |
| Gendered division of household tasks | |||||||
| Men’s involvement in housework | 13.61 (14.26) | 14.22 (16.34) | 14.63 (13.87) | 14.01 (13.19) | β=0.69** (0.34) | β=0.92*** (0.29) | 1097/1051 |
| Women’s time spent on domestic tasks | NA | NA | 193.18 (243.02) | 182.35 (185.36) | β=10.28* (5.48) | β=12.44** (5.70) | 1126/1079 |
| Women’s time spent on childcare | NA | NA | 131.82 (185.35) | 142.68 (312.68) | β=−10.29 (8.62) | β=−7.74 (6.19) | 1126/1079 |
| Men’s time spent on domestic tasks | NA | NA | 59.70 (135.17) | 28.10 (60.78) | β=34.42*** (4.36) | β=36.01*** (4.44) | 1253/1056 |
| Men’s time spent on childcare | NA | NA | 83.35 (151.46) | 61.12 (251.46) | β=24.22*** (5.82) | β=25.63*** (6.11) | 1250/1054 |
In adjusted and unadjusted models we controlled for site pairs and SEs are clustered at the site level. ‘NA’ indicates that the data were not collected at baseline. ‘NU’ indicates that the data were collected but were not used due to issues in the way the question was administered at baseline.
*Indicates significance at 10% level, ** at 5% level, *** at 1% level.
†Adjusted for site pairs, baseline report of outcome, household size, men and women’s age, men and women’s education and the language of the interview.
EMAP, Engaging Men through Accountable Practice; IPV, intimate partner violence.