Univariable and multivariable analyses of associations with any noma cases (stage 0 to 5), 6–15 years
| Study population | Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | ||||||
| Proportion of all respondents; n=2841; %(n/N*) | Proportion respondents with any noma stage; n=129; % (n/N*) | OR | CI | P value | aOR | CI | P value | |
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Child age (years) | ||||||||
| 6–10 | 74.9% (2127/2841) | 76.0% (98/129) | Ref | 0.722 | ||||
| 11–15 | 25.1% (714/2841) | 24.0% (31/129) | 0.93 | 0.64 to 1.36 | ||||
| Child gender | ||||||||
| Female | 55.4% (1573/2841) | 45.7% (59/129) | Ref | 0.036 | Ref | 0.031 | ||
| Male | 44.6% (1268/2841) | 54.3% (70/129) | 1.5 | 1.03 to 2.20 | 1.52 | 1.04 to 2.22 | ||
| Birth order | ||||||||
| 1–2 | 50.2% (1426/2841) | 55.8% (72/129) | Ref | 0.186 | Ref | 0.613 | ||
| 3 or more | 49.8% (1415/2841) | 44.2% (57/129) | 0.79 | 0.56 to 1.12 | 0.9 | 0.61 to 1.34 | ||
| Feeding practices | ||||||||
| Colostrum given to baby | ||||||||
| No | 12.1% (341/2826) | 11.7% (15/128) | Ref | 0.856 | ||||
| Yes | 87.9% (2485/2826) | 88.3% (113/128) | 1.06 | 0.57 to 1.98 | ||||
| Frequency of the child eating pap per week | ||||||||
| <1 or never | 28.5% (811/2841) | 36.4% (47/129) | Ref | 0.042 | Ref | 0.136 | ||
| 1 or more | 71.5% (2030/2841) | 63.6% (82/129) | 0.68 | 0.47 to 0.98 | 1.87 | 0.83 to 4.21 | ||
| Frequency of the caretaker preparing pap per week | ||||||||
| <1 or never | 28.5% (809/2841) | 38.8% (50/129) | Ref | 0.011 | Ref | 0.015 | ||
| 1 or more | 71.5% (2032/2841) | 61.2% (79/129) | 0.61 | 0.42 to 0.89 | 0.36 | 0.16 to 0.82 | ||
| Animal products eaten in the 24 hours before the interview | ||||||||
| No | 91.0% (2585/2841) | 94.6% (122/129) | Ref | 0.265 | ||||
| Yes | 9.0% (256/2841) | 5.4% (7/129) | 0.57 | 0.22 to 1.52 | ||||
| Grains eaten in the 24 hours before the interview | ||||||||
| No | 18.2% (516/2841) | 15.5% (20/129) | Ref | 0.455 | ||||
| Yes | 81.8% (2325/2841) | 84.5% (109/129) | 1.22 | 0.73 to 2.04 | ||||
| Vegetables eaten in the 24 hours before the interview | ||||||||
| No | 66.1% (1877/2841) | 71.3% (92/129) | Ref | 0.293 | ||||
| Yes | 33.9% (964/2841) | 28.7% (37/129) | 0.78 | 0.50 to 1.23 | ||||
| Health | ||||||||
| Are the teeth ever cleaned (self-reported) | ||||||||
| No | 3.1% (88/2823) | 4.7% (6/128) | Ref | 0.372 | ||||
| Yes | 96.9% (2735/2823) | 95.3% (122/128) | 0.63 | 0.23 to 1.73 | ||||
| Teeth cleaning method (self-reported) | ||||||||
| Toothbrush | 23.8% (677/2841) | 18.6% (24/129) | Ref | 0.654 | ||||
| Ash or cloth | 1.9% (55/2841) | 2.3% (3/129) | 1.54 | 0.45 to 5.32 | ||||
| Salt and water or stick | 16.4% (466/2841) | 15.5% (20/129) | 1.26 | 0.68 to 2.32 | ||||
| None or other | 57.8% (1643/2841) | 63.6% (82/129) | 1.44 | 0.82 to 2.52 | ||||
| Teeth cleaning frequency per day (self-reported) | ||||||||
| Once or twice | 95.2% (2687/2823) | 93.0% (119/128) | Ref | 0.275 | ||||
| Less than once | 4.8% (136/2823) | 7.0% (9/128) | 1.53 | 0.72 to 3.26 | ||||
| Any vaccinations listed on vaccination card | ||||||||
| No | 88.5% (2513/2841) | 86.0% (111/129) | Ref | 0.451 | ||||
| Yes | 11.5% (328/2841) | 14.0% (18/129) | 1.24 | 0.71 to 2.17 | ||||
| Polio vaccination (self-report) | ||||||||
| No | 29.8% (846/2841) | 24.0% (31/129) | Ref | 0.131 | Ref | 0.113 | ||
| Yes | 70.2% (1995/2841) | 76.0% (98/129) | 1.36 | 0.91 to 2.01 | 1.4 | 0.92 to 2.13 | ||
| Child sick last 12 months | ||||||||
| No | 30.7% (871/2841) | 24.0% (31/129) | Ref | 0.148 | Ref | 0.138 | ||
| Yes | 69.3% (1970/2841) | 76.0% (98/129) | 1.39 | 0.89 to 2.18 | 1.51 | 0.88 to 2.60 | ||
| How many times was child sick during last 12 months | ||||||||
| 0–1 | 51.1% (1451/2841) | 46.5% (60/129) | Ref | 0.379 | ||||
| 2 or more | 48.9% (1390/2841) | 53.5% (69/129) | 1.19 | 0.81 to 1.74 | ||||
| Did you seek healthcare for this child in the last year? | ||||||||
| No | 50.1% (1422/2841) | 47.3% (61/129) | Ref | 0.62 | ||||
| Yes | 49.9% (1419/2841) | 52.7% (68/129) | 1.1 | 0.75 to 1.63 | ||||
| Difficulties accessing healthcare (cost, time, distance) | ||||||||
| Didn't seek care | 50.1% (1422/2841) | 47.3% (61/129) | Ref | 0.068 | Ref | 0.259 | ||
| No difficulties | 43.9% (1247/2841) | 41.9% (54/129) | 0.99 | 0.63 to 1.55 | 0.78 | 0.45 to 1.36 | ||
| Yes, there were difficulties | 6.1% (172/2841) | 10.9% (14/129) | 1.98 | 1.12 to 3.51 | 1.44 | 0.73 to 2.85 | ||
| Caretaker and household information | ||||||||
| Caretaker age (years) | ||||||||
| Under 30 | 21.5% (611/2841) | 20.2% (26/129) | Ref | 0.731 | ||||
| 30 or older | 78.5% (2230/2841) | 79.8% (103/129) | 1.08 | 0.69 to 1.69 | ||||
| Caretaker gender | ||||||||
| Female | 97.5% (2770/2841) | 99.2% (128/129) | Ref | 0.271 | ||||
| Male | 2.5% (71/2841) | 0.8% (1/129) | 0.32 | 0.04 to 2.40 | ||||
| Primary caretaker of the child interviewed | ||||||||
| Other | 7.6% (216/2841) | 8.5% (11/129) | Ref | 0.712 | ||||
| Mother | 92.4% (2625/2841) | 91.5% (118/129) | 0.87 | 0.43 to 1.78 | ||||
| Total number of household members | ||||||||
| 0–6 | 58.1% (1650/2841) | 67.4% (87/129) | Ref | 0.025 | Ref | 0.145 | ||
| Above 6 | 41.9% (1191/2841) | 32.6% (42/129) | 0.66 | 0.46 to 0.95 | 0.74 | 0.49 to 1.11 | ||
| Drinking water source | ||||||||
| Other (borehole, river, tap) | 57.8% (1641/2841) | 54.3% (70/129) | Ref | 0.498 | ||||
| Well | 42.2% (1200/2841) | 45.7% (59/129) | 1.16 | 0.79 to 1.87 | ||||
| Water treatment | ||||||||
| No | 69.1% (1964/2841) | 65.1% (84/129) | Ref | 0.376 | ||||
| Yes (strain through cloth, let stand and settle, boil) | 30.9% (877/2841) | 34.9% (45/129) | 1.21 | 0.79 to 1.87 | ||||
| Wealth score (mobile phone, motorbike, tractor, camel) | ||||||||
| 0–1 | 62.9% (1787/2841) | 70.5% (91/129) | Ref | 0.063 | Ref | 0.19 | ||
| 2–4 | 37.1% (1054/2841) | 29.5% (38/129) | 0.7 | 0.48 to 1.02 | 0.77 | 0.52 to 1.14 | ||
Analysis adjusted for the survey design.
Variables with 10 or more cases and a p<0.2 in the univariable analysis included in the multivariable model (child gender, birth order, frequency of the child eating pap per week, frequency of the caretaker preparing pap per week, polio vaccination, child sick last 12 months, difficulties accessing health carehealthcare, total number of household members, wealth score.
P value from logistic regression model.
aOR, adjusted odds ratio; p, p value from logistic regression model.